AMHA – Acta medico-historica Adriatica objavljuje izvorne znanstvene članke, prethodna priopćenja, pregledne radove, prikaze knjiga, prikaze skupova i komentare pisane britanskim engleskim (iznimno američkim u dogovoru s gl. ur.) ili jezicima jadranskih i srednjoeuropskih naroda. Teme priloga moraju težiti unapređivanju znanja u području povijesti medicine i drugih srodnih znanstvenih disciplina, kao i kulturnog naslijeđa jadranske i srednjoeuropske regije u najširem smislu. Uz to dobro došli su i radovi iz ostalih krajeva. Zaprimljene članke razmatrat će najmanje dvoje neovisnih recenzenata koje odredi Urednički odbor. AMHA - Acta medico-historica Adriatica publishes original scientific papers, preliminary communication, review articles, book reviews, overviews of conferences, and other contributions, commentaries written in British English (exceptionally in American English if so agreed with the editor in chief) and in the languages of the Adriatic and Central European nations. The contributions must aim at advancing the knowledge of the history of medicine and other related scientific disciplines, as well as of the cultural heritage of the Adriatic and Central Europe in its broadest sense. Contributions from other regions are also welcome. Each submission will be evaluated by at least two independent referees appointed by the Editorial Board.
Croatian Scientific Society for the History of Health Culture, University of Rijeka, Faculty of Medicine
Biennial Conference of the European Association of History of Medicine and Health: Health Beyond Medicine (Berlin, 26–29 August 2025)
Scientific meeting review
Nikola Kujundžić - Velika poljička ljekaruša (Bratulićeva ljekaruša): obrada, transkript i faksimil
Održan skup u čast umirovljenom profesoru Medicinskog fakulteta u Rijeci Anti Škrobonji povodom 80. godišnjice života
LJEKARNIŠTVO NA CRESU: FRAGMENTI POVIJESTI PROFESIJE I KULTURE
https://doi.org/10.31952/amha.23.1.8 Prve vijesti o ljekarni u Cresu datiraju iz 15. stoljeća. Još 1431. creski se gradonačelnik bavio pitanjem nabave lijekova, a od kraja stoljeća do modernoga doba zapisnici creskog Općinskog vijeća vrve od vijesti o dobivanju ljekarničkih licenci, kao i plaćama i prijeporima ljekarnika. Dugo vremena ljekarnicima su bili doseljenici iz Istre i Italije, koji bi u Cresu ostajali kraće ili duže vrijeme, da bi se od 19. stoljeća ljekarništvo skrasilo u rukama obitelji Colombis i Rossi. Nakon Drugoga svjetskoga rata Ljekarna Cres postala je dijelom riječke tvrtke Ljekarna Jadran. Analizirajući desetine izvora i literaturnih jedinica, ovaj prilog nastoji osvijetliti bogatu, nedovoljno istraženu i premalo poznatu povijest jedne profesije koja paralelno razotkriva ne manje zanimljive fragmente creske svakodnevice i kulture.
FIGHTING AIDS IN PORTUGAL: THE RESPONSES OF PUBLIC HEALTH AUTHORITIES (1983-2000)
https://doi.org/10.31952/amha.23.1.7 The first official case of HIV infection in Portugal was confirmed in 1983. Faced with the threat of a global epidemic caused by an unknown virus, Portugal responded to the WHO’s call in 1985 by establishing institutions with the aim of supporting state decisions, conducting epidemiological studies, controlling the spread of the virus, diagnosing cases, disseminating information, and educating the population. Portugal has come a long way from initially denying the existence of the disease and refusing to disclose the positive result to patients. The serious case of infecting haemophiliacs with a batch of Factor VIII imported from an Austrian laboratory, resulting in the deaths of dozens of patients, forced the Portuguese public health authorities to create organisations able to face the fight against AIDS. By trying to control the serious drug addiction problem after the Portuguese revolution of April 1974, the conservative society was able to change its attitude and pass groundbreaking legislation worldwide and implement a successful programme to control AIDS infection among injecting drug users. Issues such as the effectiveness of these measures in controlling the AIDS epidemic and their impact on Portuguese society at the end of the 20th century will be addressed in this paper.
THE HISTORY OF POLISH PHARMACY MUSEUMS IN THE CONTEXT OF EUROPEAN MUSEOLOGY
https://doi.org/10.31952/amha.23.1.6 The article outlines the history of Polish pharmacy museums in the broader European context. The first efforts to establish such an institution date back to the second half of the 19th century, when, despite the lack of a Polish sovereign state, Polish pharmacists, passionate about their trade, called for the creation of a pharmacy museum. Their continued efforts faced multiple obstacles, with the two World Wars being the worst of them. During the inter-war period, multiple collections were assembled, but the first Polish museum of pharmacy was established only after the Second World War, in 1946, in Kraków, thanks to Dr Stanisław Proń. In the 1970s, a number of smaller museums were established in other Polish cities, including Lublin, Warsaw, Poznań, Bydgoszcz, and Gdańsk. The transformation following the collapse of the Iron Curtain caused a temporary crisis for pharmacy museums in Poland, with some establishments being liquidated due to the withdrawal of funding. However, soon after Polish society became accustomed to the new realities, a number of museums were restored, and even new ones were established, some as part of municipal museums (Warszawa, Bydgoszcz), some within universities, and some even funded by private companies (Lublin, Łódź). The article illustrates the richness and distinctiveness of the field of Polish pharmaceutical museology, while also observing its connection to wider European realities.
DR. AVELIN ROBLEK, BJELOVARSKI I LJUBLJANSKI GRADSKI FIZIK
https://doi.org/10.31952/amha.23.1.5 U ovome je radu prikazano javnozdravstveno djelovanje dr. Avelina Robleka (1845. – 1889.) kroz njegov profesionalni put gradskoga fizika Bjelovara i Ljubljane u okvirima medicine na našim prostorima s kraja 19. stoljeća. Dr. Roblek diplomirao je na Medicinskom fakultetu u Grazu 1874., nakon čega je radio u Ljubljani i tri godine u Litiji. Od 1882. do 1888. bio je gradski fizik i primarni liječnik županijske bolnice u Bjelovaru, a potom, do prerane smrti, gradski fizik u Ljubljani. Funkcije gradskoga fizika u drugoj polovici 19. stoljeća u tadašnjem Austrijskom Carstvu ponajvećma su bile javnozdravstvene: protuepidemijske mjere, cijepljenja, pregledi i sanitarni izvidi uvjeta života, kontrole prostitutki, mrtvozorstva i sudskomedicinske obdukcije te kontrola rada primalja i mrtvozornika. Upravo o tim funkcijama i provedenim mjerama dr. Roblek je redovito izvještavao gradske magistrate u Bjelovaru i Ljubljani u kojoj je i umro zarazivši se obavljajući posao fizika.
UTJECAJ RAZVOJA PSIHIJATRIJSKE MISLI NA KLASIFIKACIJU POREMEĆAJA LIČNOSTI 19. STOLJEĆA
https://doi.org/10.31952/amha.23.1.4 U radu je prikazan razvoj psihijatrijske misli tijekom dugoga devetnaestog stoljeća u Europi i Hrvatskoj, pri čemu se detaljnije prikazao razvoj klasifikacije poremećaja ličnosti. Ta je dijagnostička kategorija na granici psihički zdravog i bolesnog, što najzornije otvara suštinska pitanja u psihijatrijskoj znanosti. Ta su pitanja bila i ostala predmetom znanstvenih istraživanja u psihijatriji, a svoje temelje i zamah dobili su u dugom devetnaestom stoljeću, što se ogleda u plodonosnoj aktivnosti velikoga broja onodonih liječnika i znanstvenika od Francuske, Engleske preko Italije do Austrije i Njemačke. U radu je prikazan I doprinos hrvatskih liječnika, poglavito dr. Ive Žirovčića kao dugogodišnjeg ravnatelja prve psihijatrijske bolnice u Hrvatskoj, u postavljanju temelja hrvatske psihijatrije čiji je zakašnjeli razvoj uvelike ubrzan otvaranjem Zavoda za umobolne u Stenjevcu, današnje Klinike za psihijatriju Vrapče.
FRAKTURE KOSTIJU I NJIHOVO LIJEČENJE U DREVNOM EGIPTU NA TEMELJU PAPIRUSA EDWINA SMITHA
https://doi.org/10.31952/amha.23.1.3 Drevni Egipat podrazumijeva područje uz rijeku Nil na kojemu se razvila staroegipatska civilizacija. Kao državna tvorevina, Egipat je bio mjesto mnogih prvijenaca, od arhitekture, umjetnosti, ekonomije, ali i znanosti. S vremenom se u svećeničkom staležu u Egiptu počinju javljati svećenici koji svoj život posvećuju različitim znanostima, ponajprije astronomiji, astrologiji, ali i medicini. Upravo će medicina biti u središtu pozornosti ovoga rada te će se pritom pobliže predstaviti dijagnoze te metode i načini liječenja fraktura kostiju. Unatoč činjenici da će se u radu govoriti o izrazito starim povijesnim razdobljima, izvore za ovu temu može se pronaći na drevnim egipatskim papirusima koji su preživjeli do današnjih dana. Zbog toga treba istaknuti Papirus Edwina Smitha koji je svojedobna riznica o medicinskoj znanosti drevnog Egipta. Također, pošto je egipatska religija bila izrazito snažno ukorijenjena u čitavo egipatsko društvo, ne treba se čuditi što se brojni medicinski postupci i lijekovi mogu pronaći u magičnim tekstovima/inkantacijama koje bi drevni svećenici izgovarali tijekom liječenja pacijenta. Ovaj će rad isprva ukratko predstaviti egipatsku medicinu općenito, zatim njezinu usku vezu s religijom i magijom te konačno dijagnostiku, metode i zahvate pomoću kojih bi drevni liječnici tretirali frakture kostiju svojih pacijenata na temelju Papirusa Edwin Smitha.
THE CREATORS OF THE VETERINARY SCHOOL IN FERRARA: TWO MEMBERS OF THE CAMPANA FAMILY
https://doi.org/10.31952/amha.23.1.2 In the second half of the 18th century, a new awareness in education started to rise, placing greater importance on veterinary science. We are talking about a hundred years of history. Antonio Campana and Tommaso Bonaccioli, grandsons of Barbara Campana, were the creators of the Veterinary School of Ferrara in their own right. Among the teachers, we especially remember the first, Luigi Le Roy of the Lyon school. This Veterinary School, founded in 1762, was the place to train teachers for the upcoming schools around Europe. Antonio Campana was an eclectic scientist who also stood out in this discipline. Tommaso Bonaccioli, who studied at the School of Milan during the Napoleonic era, was highly regarded among foreign researchers for being a pioneer in this field. This can be proven by numerous publications and lectures at the Academy of Sciences in Ferrara, where he also served as president. His collaborators were able to keep the highest standards by continuing the founder’s work. Unfortunately, despite the appreciation of the students, the Veterinary School of Ferrara was closed in 1880 due to a lack of funding. The search for unpublished original documentation was conducted in the Historical Archives (Municipal, Ariostea Municipal Library, Academy of Sciences and University of Ferrara).
PURGATORY, ICONIZATION OF SUFFERING, AND DEVOTIONAL ASPECTS
https://doi.org/10.31952/amha.23.1.1 Purgatory is a relatively recent theological innovation in the geography of the otherworld. It was associated with a different vision of death centred on the fear of bodily corruption and body-soul dialogue, and a distinctive attitude towards the macabre. Since its affirmation, Purgatory appeared as an in-between, transitory dimension closely connected with the earth, where purging souls were allowed to dialogue with the living, as if they could prolong their earthly life there. Combining pain with the wait for liberation in Heaven, Purgatory was therefore an intermediate place of both suffering and hope for the coveted bliss. The settlement of Purgatory had the effect of reducing the fear of eternal damnation, and therefore, the terror of Hell was replaced by that of one’s own death and the consequent decomposition of one’s body. The cult of Purgatory spread in the 17th century, based on the possibility of relieving the suffering of the dead through the suffrages of the living. This article is about the beliefs, themes, and customs related to Purgatory, focusing above all on the numerous pieces of evidence coming from Naples, where the worship of Purgatory was particularly intense and took on peculiar characteristics. An attempt is made to analyse the most popular aspects of the cult and the testimonies concerning it, which today remain represented by persistent traces of the cult of the skulls, the presence of urban votive shrines, and modern funerary practices based on double burial.
The first official case of HIV and AIDS infection in Portugal was confirmed in 1983. Faced with the threat of a global epidemic caused by an unknown virus, Portugal responded to the WHO's call in 1985, creating institutions with the aim to support state decisions, epidemiological study and control, diagnosis, dissemination of information and educating the population. Portugal has come a long way from initially denying the existence of the disease and refusing to disclose the positive result to patients. The serious case of contamination of haemophiliacs with a batch of Factor VIII imported from an Austrian laboratory with the dead dozens of dozens of patients, force the Portuguese public health authorities to create organizations able to face the fighting against AIDS. By trying to control the serious drug addiction problem after the Portuguese revolution of April 1970, the conservative society was able to change the attitude and pass groundbreaking legislation worldwide and implementing a successful programme to control AIDS infection among injecting drug users. Issues such as the results of these measures in effectively controlling the AIDS epidemic and the impact they had on Portuguese society at the end of the 20th century will be addressed in this paper.
Copyright (c) 2025 Acta medico-historica Adriatica : AMHA
The History of Polish Pharmacy Museums in the Context of European Museology
The article outlines the history of Polish pharmacy museums in the broader European context. The first efforts to establish such institution date back to the second half of 19th when, despite lack of Polish sovereign state, Polish pharmacists passionate about their trade called for creation of a pharmacy museum. Their continued efforts faced multiple obstacles, the two World Wars being the worst of them. In the inter-war period there were multiple collections assembled, but first Polish museum of pharmacy was established only after the Second World War in 1946 in Kraków thanks to dr Stanisław Proń. In 1970s a number of smaller museums were established in other Polish cities: Lublin, Warszawa, Poznań, Bydgoszcz, and Gdańsk. The transformation due to the collapse of the Iron Curtain caused a temporary crisis for pharmacy museums in Poland, with some establishments being liquidated due to withdrawal of the funding. However, soon after the Polish society got accustomed to the new realities a number of the museums were restored and even new ones were established, some as part of municipal Museums (Warszawa, Bydgoszcz), some within Universities, and some even funded by private companies (Lublin, Łódź). The article illustrates how rich and distinct is the field of Polish pharmaceutical museology, but also observes its connection to wider European realities.
In the second half of the 18th century a new awareness in education started to raise by to giving more importance to veterinary. We are talking about a hundred years of history. Antonio Campana and Tommaso Bonaccioli, grandson of Barbara Campana, were the creators of the Veterinary School of Ferrara in their own right. Among the teachers, we remember the first, Luigi Le Roy of the Lyon school. This Veterinary School, founded in 1762, was the place to train teachers for the upcoming schools around Europe. Antonio Campana was an eclectic scientist who also stood out in this discipline. Tommaso Bonaccioli, who studied at the School of Milan during the Napoleonic era, was very appreciated among foreign researchers for being a real pioneer in this field. This can be proven by numerous publications and lectures at the Academy of Science in Ferrara, where he was also the president. His collaborators were able to keep the highest standards by continuing the founder’s work. Unfortunately, despite the appreciation of the students, the Veterinary School of Ferrara was closed down in 1880 because of ceased funding. The search for unpublished original documentation was conducted in the Historical Archives (Municipal, Ariostea Municipal Library, Academy of Sciences and University of Ferrara).
Key words: Antonio Campana, Tommaso Bonaccioli, Veterinary School, Ferrara.
Purgatory, iconization of suffering and devotional aspects
Purgatory is a relatively recent theological innovation in the geography of the otherworld. It was born in the late Middle Ages, associated with profound changes in the collective sensitivity including a different vision of death centred on the fear of bodily corruption and body-soul dialogue, and a distinctive attitude towards the macabre. Since its affirmation, Purgatory appeared as a dimension closely connected with the earth as it seemed to prolong the time of earthly life. Indeed, unlike Heaven and Hell which were immutable and eternal realities, Purgatory was a transitory state of punishment that preluded the final entry into Heaven; furthermore, although locked up in this place of penitence and suffering, the purging souls were allowed to dialogue with the living. Combining pain with the wait for liberation in Heaven, Purgatory was therefore an intermediate place of both suffering and hope for the coveted bliss. The settlement of Purgatory had the effect of reducing the fear of eternal damnation, and therefore the terror of Hell was replaced by that of one's own death and the consequent decomposition of one's body, thus contributing to the emergence of the macabre. Indeed, death and the morbid became typical attributes of purgatorial themes. The cult of Purgatory spread throughout Europe in the XVII century, based on the possibility to relieve the suffering of the dead through the suffrages of the living. This article is about the beliefs, themes and customs related to Purgatory, focusing above all on the numerous evidences coming from Naples, where the worship of Purgatory was particularly intense and took on peculiar characteristics. An attempt is made to analyse the most popular aspects of the cult and the testimonies concerning it, which today remain represented by persistent traces of the cult of the skulls, by the presence of urban votive shrines and by modern funerary practices based on double burial. As a whole, the cult of Purgatory as a popular devotion has waned, but it is still attested by the numerous street-shrines featuring niches populated by figurines of the suffering souls engulfed in the flames. The study of the cult of Purgatory can help to understand the relationships between the individual and death, the body and the soul, suffering and hope.
Purgatory, cult of the dead, cult of souls in Purgatory, Gisleni’s tomb, Triumph of Death, transi tomb, double burial, votive shrines
Prve vijesti o ljekarni u Cresu datiraju iz 15. stoljeća. Još 1431. creski se gradonačelnik bavio pitanjem nabave lijekova, a od kraja stoljeća, pa sve do modernog doba, zapisnici creskog Općinskog vijeća vrve od vijesti o dobivanju ljekarničkih licenci, kao i plaćama i prijeporima ljekarnika. Dugo vremena su ljekarnicima bili doseljenici iz Istre i Italije, koji bi u Cresu ostajali kraće ili duže vrijeme, da bi se od 19. stoljeća ljekarništvo skrasilo u rukama obitelji Colombis i Rossi. Nakon Drugog svjetskoga rata, Ljekarna Cres postala je dijelom riječke tvrtke Ljekarna Jadran. Analizirajući desetine izvora i literaturnih jedinica, ovaj prilog nastoji osvijetliti bogatu, nedovoljno istraženu i premalo poznatu povijest jedne profesije koja paralelno razotkriva ne manje zanimljive fragmente creske svakodnevice i kulture.
2nd International Conference on the History of Health
ON KANT’S CONTRIBUTION TO THE COOPERATION OF PHILOSOPHY AND MEDICINE THROUGH EXAMPLES OF REASON AND BODY
https://doi.org/10.31952/amha.22.2.6 Şereffeddin Sabuncuoğlu was a skilled surgeon from the early Ottoman period (15th century) in the Anatolian city of Amasya. He was a physician, surgeon, trainer, scientist, miniature artist, calligrapher, and the author of three significant books in addition to four other known manuscripts. In this study, unlike the previous historical clinical articles about him focused only on certain chapters he had written in his book ‘Imperial Surgery’, we have tried to focus on his whole life, including his personal experiences and things happening in his immediate environment.
Şereffeddin Sabuncuoğlu, Cerrahiyetü’l-Hanniye, Ottoman Medical History, Ottoman physician, Amasya Darüşşifa
RENAISSANCE ANATOMIST JACOPO BERENGARIO DA CARPI
https://doi.org/10.31952/amha.22.2.1 In general, Vesalius (1514–1564) is considered a pioneer in the study of anatomy. However, he had several important predecessors whose contributions are considered fundamental to the history of anatomy. Amongst these pre-Vesalian anatomists, Jacopo Berengario da Carpi (c. 1460–1530) is widely acknowledgedas the most important one, and by some scholars even as the first ever anatomist. Berengario was the first anatomist who recognized the value and importance of anatomical illustrations for text comprehension. Our analysis is based on his works “Carpi Commentaria super anatomiaMundini” (1521) and “Isagogae breves” (1522). In contrast to Vesalius, who attempted to put into practice only Latin nomenclature, Berengario da Carpi had no ambition to reform anatomical terminology or purge it from “barbaric” terms. He just adopted the most widely used terms of his time, no matter their Latin, Greek, or Arabic origin. His work titled Isagogae contains an important list of all relevant terms used in the text, which serves as a historical record of the anatomical nomenclature used in his period. All this establishes the historical legacy of his work, which contributed to the development of anatomical terminology.This is why, from the current perspective of a medical school anatomy teacher, Berengario’s conviction about the need not only to read a textbook but also to see anatomical structures with one’s own eyes is relevant even in the third millennium.
anatomical terminology, Jacopo Berengario da Carpi, renaissance medicine, pre-Vesalian anatomists, analysis of anatomical terms
FRAKTURE KOSTIJU I NJIHOVO LIJEČENJE U DREVNOME EGIPTU NA TEMELJU EDWIN-SMITH PAPIRUSA
Drevni Egipat podrazumijeva područje uz rijeku Nil na kojemu se razvila Staroegipatska civilizacija. Kao državna tvorevina, Egipat je bio mjesto mnogih prvijenaca, od arhitekture, umjetnosti, ekonomije, ali i znanosti. Vremenom se unutar svećeničkog staleža u Egiptu počinju javljati svećenici koji svoje živote posvećuju različitim znanostima ponajprije astronomiji, astrologiji, ali i medicini. Upravo će medicina biti u središtu pozornosti ovoga rada te će se pritom pobliže predstaviti dijagnoze te metode i načini liječenja fraktura kostiju. Unatoč činjenici da će se kroz rad govoriti o izrazito starim povijesnim razdobljima, izvore za ovu temu može se pronaći u drevnim egipatskim papirusima koji su preživjeli do današnjih dana. Zbog toga treba istaknuti Edwin-Smith papirus koji je svojevremena riznica o medicinskoj znanosti drevnoga Egipta. Također, pošto je egipatska religija bila izrazito snažno ukorjenjena u čitavo egipatsko društvo, ne treba ni čuditi da se brojni medicinski postupci i lijekovi mogu pronaći u magičnim tekstovima/inkantacijama koje bi drevni svećenici izgovarali tijekom postupka liječenja pacijenta. Ovaj će rad isprva ukratko predstaviti egipatsku medicinu uopće zatim njezinu usku vezu sa religijom i magijom te konačno dijagnostiku, metode i zahvate uz pomoć kojih bi drevni liječnici tretirali frakture kostiju svojih pacijenata na temelju Edwin-Smith papirusa.
MOMENTS FROM THE LIFE OF IULIU BARASCH (1815–1863)
https://doi.org/10.31952/amha.22.2.4 In 1842, at a time when Romanian society was taking its first steps towards modernization, a Jewish man from Galicia chose to settle in Wallachia. This man was a physician with a medical degree in “medicine and surgery” obtained at the University of Berlin, spoke two widely spoken European languages (French and German), and was concerned with diverse areas of knowledge, such as philosophy, natural sciences, law, and more. As an ethnic Jew, he made a remarkable career in Wallachia. He was a physician in the country’s medical service, professor, hospital director, journalist, and philanthropist. He founded the first children’s hospital in the country and two influential newspapers. He campaigned for the political rights of Wallachian Jews and the modernization of the synagogue cult. He gave public conferences in the country and abroad and translated and wrote several books. The physician’s name was Iuliu Barasch, and this study tries to reconstruct his life and medical activity between 1842 and 1863 in Wallachia, a period marked by social unrest, revolution, war, and cholera epidemics, but also unionist actions, political and social reforms. For this reconstruction, I researched documentary material in archives, the press of the time, journals, memoirs, and specialized literature.
Iuliu Barasch, Wallachia, biography, diseases, children’s hospital, quarantine
HYPOCHONDRIA AS A DISTRACTION OF THE REASON WITHIN KANT'S TRANSCENDENTAL PHILOSOPHY
https://doi.org/10.31952/amha.22.2.10 The primary aim of this paper will be to understand hypochondria as a philosophical problem, rather than a medical-psychological one, since there is a significant difference between the modern (medical-psychological in the true sense of the word) understanding of hypochondria and all earlier anthropological, philosophical, and physiological understandings, including that of Kant. Kant's interpretation of hypochondria, as a mental illness, highlights an interesting dichotomy between actual bodily sensations and distorted perception. The hypochondriac experiences real physical sensations but interprets them in a way that is not grounded in actuality. Kant argues that these sensations result from the (lack of) attention the hypochondriac gives to certain physical signals. On the other hand, if one were to focus their attention on something else or engage in activities that distract their thoughts from pathological feelings, the feelings could diminish, and with enough composure, even disappear entirely. One of the key problems with hypochondria is that rational arguments often cannot change the beliefs of a person who feels symptoms in their body and mind. In order for a person to regain control over themselves, Kant turns to the principles of moral and philosophical dietetics. Therefore, this paper will specifically follow two aspects: Kant's scattered analysis of hypochondria and its transcendental philosophical assumptions. Conclusions from transcendental philosophy should help in overcoming hypochondriac whims.
Kant, hypochondria, sense, sensation, perception, imagination, reason
https://doi.org/10.31952/amha.22.2.8 In this paper, I focus on the knowability of empirical laws in Kant. Specifically, I explore the interpretative thread according to which the knowability of an item is secured through an appropriate classification within a hierarchical ordering.The relationship between the knowability and classification is ultimately based on Kant’s characterization of our understanding as being “discursive”, i.e., relying on subsuming-procedures. More specifically, the focus is on empirical laws referring to biological phenomena broadly construed, which are interestingly intertwined with the teleology-mechanism specific relationship. “Critique of the Power of Judgment” and related Kant’s works, thus, address the class of teleological judgments and/or functional statements that should also have the status of a law of nature. I argue that the knowability of generally biological laws equally relies on subsuming-procedures, which in the life sciences, that is, primarily, biology plus its application to medical practices, consist in an explanatory integration between normative teleological judgments and those causal-mechanical. Finally, I try to clarify how a Kantian take on these issues fits within the current function debate: namely, in what way it acknowledges the explanatory and normative dimensions of function statements as they contribute to the practice of the life sciences.
knowability issue, reflecting power of judgment, discursive intellect, function debate, explanatory integration, teleological normativity, biomedical methodological landscape
KANT'S CONCEPT OF HEALTH AS AN INTERACTION OF MIND AND BODY
https://doi.org/10.31952/amha.22.2.9 This paper examines Kant's concept of the health under four aspects. Part 1: Kant speaks of health primarily in terms of common sense (gesunder Menschenverstand) and healthy reason (gesunde Vernunft). The concept of health is therefore mainly an epistemological concept. Part 2: Health then stands in the context of disease. For Kant, disease is always linked to a lack of cognitive capacity. Kant’s thoughts on disease and health can be found above all in his late writings "Anthropology from a Pragmatic Point of View" (1798) and "The Conflict of the Faculties" (1798). The early work "Essay on the Maladies of the Head" (1764) and a speech on "On Philosophers‘ Medicine of the Body" (1786) should also be included. Since health is primarily in the context of cognition, mental illnesses are at the centre of Kant's work. Part 3: Kant repeatedly presents his own state of health as an example. When Kant wrote his own "dietetics" in response to Christoph Wilhelm Hufeland's "Macrobiotics or The Art of Prolonging Human Life", it becomes clear that the attainment of physical health is also linked to mental health. After all, we can speak of psychosomatics. Part 4: For Kant, the preservation of health is also the task of the government. This political dimension of health is evident in Kant’s writings. This discovery of psychosomatics is part of a medical-historical context that originated with Kant, among others, and which has not yet been sufficiently researched
Dr. Avelin Roblek, bjelovarski i ljubljanski gradski fizik
Funkcije gradskoga fizika u drugoj polovici 19. stoljeća u tadašnjem austrijskom carstvu ponajvećma su bile javnozdravstvene: protupidemijske mjere, cijepljenja, pregledi i sanitarni izvidi uvjeta života. U ovome radu prikazano je javnozdravstveno djelovanje dr. Avelina Robleka (1845-1889) kroz njegov profesionalni put gradskoga fizika Bjelovara i Ljubljane u okvirima medicine na našim prostorima skraja 19. stoljeća.
javno zdravstvo, epidemiologija, Bjelovar, Ljubljana, Austro-Ugarska Monarhija
SLOVENIAN INFLUENCE IN EARLY 18TH CENTURY INOCULATIONS
https://doi.org/10.31952/amha.22.2.2 In 1715, two Slovenian physicians, Johann Baptist Werloschnig de Perenberg and Antonius Loigk, published an extensive volume on the last plague epidemic in Central Europe. Hidden within its pages is a description of smallpox inoculation, which predates any record of this procedure in Europe by several years. The procedure was personally witnessed by Loigk in Vienna in or before 1714. Very little is currently known about the context of this event. We do not know how many inoculators there were, how many patients were treated and, crucially, how the procedure was received by the medical establishment in Austria. All these pieces of information would be necessary to understand the impact of this discovery on early 18th-century Austrian (and, by extension, Eastern European) society. In order to sketch out the possible connections, we will focus on a reconstruction of the intellectual network of both Slovenians as it appears in the academic literature of the time. We hope that these links may reveal something about a group of physicians who may have had early knowledge about this important anti-epidemic measure.
smallpox, inoculation, variolation, Slovenia, early modern period
https://doi.org/10.31952/amha.22.2.3 Giuseppe Cervetto (1807–1865) was a physician, lecturer, and medical historianfrom a Jewish familyborn in Verona, Italy. In addition to his clinical practice, he delved into historical studies, making notable contributions to the works of Italian anatomists from the 15th century, as well as to the physicians and their College in Verona, particularly G.B. Da Monte from the 16th century.In 1860, he was called to teach History of Medical Sciences at the University of Bologna. After two years, he became a lecturer in Hygiene and Forensic Medicine at Messina, but he sadly passed away at the relatively young age of 57 due to his delicate health.He strongly believed in the importance of medical knowledge «enriched by history», actively advocating the use of the biographical method in reconstructing the historical development of medicine and its inseparable connection with philosophy.
Medical Biography, History of Medicine, Medical History, Medical Philosophy
U radu je prikazan razvoj psihijatrijske misli tijekom dugog devetnaestog stoljeća u Europi i Hrvatskoj pri čemu se detaljnije prikazao razvoj klasifikacije poremećaja ličnosti. Ova je dijagnostička kategorija na granici psihički zdravog i bolesnog, što najzornije otvara suštinska pitanja u psihijatrijskoj znanosti. Ta su pitanja bila i ostala predmetom znanstvenih istraživanja u psihijatriji, a svoje temelje i zamah dobili su u dugom devetnaestom stoljeću što se ogleda u plodonosnoj aktivnosti velikog broja onovremenih liječnika i znanstvenika od Francuske, Engleske preko Italije do Austrije i Njemačke. U radu je prikazan i doprinos hrvatskih liječnika, poglavito dr. Ive Žirovčića kao dugogodišnjeg ravnatelja prve psihijatrijske bolnice u Hrvatskoj, u postavljanju temelja hrvatske psihijatrije čiji je zakašnjeli razvoj uvelike ubrzan otvaranjem Zavoda za umobolne u Stenjevcu, današnje Klinike za psihijatriju Vrapče.
Povijest psihijatrije, povijest hrvatske psihijatrije, poremećaji ličnosti