FLUMINENSIA : Journal for philological research
Fluminensia is a journal for philological research published by the Department of Croatian language and literature of the Faculty of Humanities and Social Sciences of the University of Rijeka. The journal was founded in 1989 and is published biannually. It covers topics from the field of philology and includes papers on linguistic topics, primarily on the Croatian language (dialectology, diachronic linguistics, issues of standardisation in Croatian, and comparative studies), and on literary topics (history of literature, literary theory, and stylistics), as well as reviews of recently published works on any of the aforementioned topics (thorough and competent reviews of scientific publications). Each manuscript is peer-reviewed by two reviewers (frequently from abroad). In case of contradictory reviews, the manuscript is sent to a third reviewer, and the final decision is made by the Editorial board. Manuscripts lacking in content or value are turned down without being sent to reviewers. Indexing and Open Access repositories: ESCI (WoS), CSA Linguistic and Language Behavior Abstracts, MLA International Bibliography, Linguistic Bibliography, Bibliography of Slavic Linguistics, European Reference Index for the Humanities and the Social Sciences (ERIH PLUS), SCOPUS, ULRICHSWEB, Central and Eastern European Academic Source (EBSCO), CARHUS Plus+2014; OpenDOAR, Directory of Open Access Journals (DOAJ), HRČAK, HAW
Odsjek za kroatistiku Filozofskoga fakulteta Sveučilišta u Rijeci Sveučilišna avenija 4, HR-51000 Rijeka
Vrlo vrijedna knjiga o pravopisima i o vlastima
Prikaz knjige Krešimira Mićanovića "Vlast i pravopis" (Matica hrvatska, Zagreb, 2024.)
Copyright (c) 2025 FLUMINENSIA : Journal for philological research
Trag tiskare Karletzky otisnut u hrvatskoj jezičnoj povijesti
Prikaz knjige Sanje Holjevac "Hrvatski jezik u izdanjima riječke tiskare Karletzky" (Hrvatska sveučilišna naklada, Zagreb, 2024.)
Over the last few years, literary and film narratives have increasingly explored some issues that are connected with pregnancy and giving birth to a new life and are still largely perceived as social taboos, i.e. post-partum depression and the totality of sensations, experiences and contradictory stimuli that a woman may live through as she becomes a mother. Characterised by a combination of moralistic intentions and outbursts of compassion, Italian literature has been dealing with these topics at least since the 19th century. One may here mention, for instance, the infanticide Grazia, protagonist of Verga’s novella Vagabondaggio or the autobiographical voice of Aleramo’s A Woman at Bay. The enormous social pressure on the suffering of neo-mothers has widely inspired both Italian literature and cinema produced in the past twenty years. With more or less width and awareness these narratives have undoubtedly been affected by a greater public sensitivity towards these women’s psychological and emotional conditions. Moreover, these representations have undeniably benefited from the renowned debate on motherhood inherent to different strands of feminism, as they openly criticised those values and models aimed at disciplining female bodies and behaviours. By analysing two novels (Cattiva by Rossella Milone, and Svegliami a mezzanotte by Fuani Marino), and two films (Tutto parla di te by Alina Marazzi, and Ninna Nanna, by Germani and Russo), our contribution wishes to investigate, at the same time, the modes in which neo-mothers confront the suffocating model of “the good mother”, ready for a the ultimate self-sacrifice, along with their feelings of ambivalence and otherness (towards the baby, their own bodies, or the pressure of new responsibilities), which may lead them to identify themselves as “bad mothers”, and to experience solitude, deep uneasiness and lack of understanding.
This paper is a contribution to the study of Croatian travelogues (letters from the road) from the Romantic era dealing with the Principality of Serbia, or areas also in­habited by the Serbian population (the Banat). As texts dedicated to Serbia have not been the focus of previous studies of travelogues of this period, the paper brings new insights. Of the five travelogues describing journeys to Serbia found from the begin­ning of the Croatian revival until 1860, the first two, signed with pseudonyms (Rusan Dopis iz Banata, 1841 and Bratoljub Misli o putovanju našem, 1847) are analysed. They are more strongly imbued with Illyrian ideas of community than any other travel dia­ries. In constructing a picture of compatible and related Serb and Croatian brothers – as in the programme writings of the time – the unity of language and folk song is used above all. But the poetics (poiesis) are also influenced by geography, with rivers and ‘non-existent’/invisible borders playing a special role. In these two texts, Serbia is represented as a paradisiacal space with hanging gardens.
ilyrism; travelogues; Serbia; imagined geography; geopoetics
Cultural References and the Issue of Identity in the Works of Najat El Hachmi
The paper analyses the use of cultural references in the prose of the Catalan writer of Moroccan origin Najat El Hachmi. For this purpose, three novels were chosen, L’ultim patriarca, La filla estrangera and Mère de lait et de miel, where the meeting and collisi­on of different worlds and the heroines’ aspiration to build their own hybrid, unique, free identity are clearly shown. Special attention is given to the study of intertextual elements in the presentation of the emergence and development of the multi-layered, complex, but also conflicting identity of the homodiegetic narrators, in whose features numerous similarities with the author herself can be seen. In the context of Amin Maalouf’s understanding of identity, Homi K. Bhabha’s interspace as well as transcul­turality, this paper investigates how cultural references give a new dimension and contribute to a clearer understanding of the issue of migrants growing up on the bor­der between two cultures. At the same time, in this context, the role of these references in depicting and critically assessing the subversion of the patriarchal hie­rarchical order, inter-family relations, domestic violence and sentimental relationships is the subject of research. References, among other things, can be from the Bible, both old and recent Catalan li­terature, as is the case with the novel of chivalry by the anonymous author Curial e Güelfa and the novel of the twentieth-century Catalan writer Montserrat Roig, Ramo­na, adéu, they can also be works of world literature (James Joyce’s Dubliners and The House on Mango Street by Sandra Cisneros, an American writer of Mexican origin), achievements from the world of film (Poltergeist) as well as from the field of psycholo­gy (The Art of Loving by Erich Fromm).
migrant literature; Najat El Hachmi; cultural references; identity; Catalan literature
Memory, Migration, and Postnationalism: A Comparative Study of Korean and Croatian Diasporic Narratives
This article presents a comparative analysis of the representative works of Croatian author Dubravka Ugrešić and Korean American writer Min Jin Lee, examining how diasporic literature narrates memory, migration, and postnationalism. Situated in contrasting geopolitical contexts – post-Yugoslav Eastern Europe and postcolonial East Asia – these authors deconstruct nation-state-centered identity narratives and explore the literary and ethical possibilities of border-crossing subjectivities. Their texts foreground the dissolution of national boundaries and articulate a literary imagination rooted in postnational ethics and diasporic consciousness. Ugrešić critically dismantles nationalist discourse through linguistic dislocation and fragmented memory, representing the existential condition of the exiled subject and the instability of language as a medium of belonging. In contrast, Lee reconstructs a diasporic ethics based on familial memory and emotional solidarity, narrating the historical legacy of colonialism and racial marginalization. While employing different narrative strategies, both authors challenge fixed identity models and offer narratives that envision hybrid and plural subjectivities grounded in memory, migration, and linguistic multiplicity. Grounded in theories of diaspora, cultural memory, and postnationalism, this study explores how the works of Ugrešić and Lee construct alternative ethical and aesthetic imaginaries. Through their depictions of border-dwelling identities and transnational conditions, this article argues that diasporic literature constitutes a critical site for rethinking global literary discourse and imagining new modes of subject formation beyond the framework of the nation-state.
Diasporic Literature; Postnational Identity; Memory and Migration; Dubravka Ugrešić; Min Jin Lee; Cultural Hybridity; Intergenerational Narrative
The Influence of Speaking Rate and Cognitive Load on the Acoustic Characteristics of Fricatives /s/ and /ʃ/ in Croatian
This research examined the influence of speaking rate and tasks with different cogniti­ve demands on the acoustic characteristics of the fricatives /s/ and /ʃ/ in Croatian. It also attempted to determine the acoustic parameters that identify or differentiate the­se two speech sounds. Ten native Croatian speakers participated in the research. The target segments /s/ and /ʃ/ were produced as a part of tongue twisters that consisted of a series of four monosyllabic words of the CVC structure and were always in the ini­tial position. The participants had to repeat the tongue twisters in four different ways: at a normal speech rate while reading them on the screen, at a normal rate from me­mory, at a faster rate while reading, and at a faster rate while recalling. “Reading” was considered an easier task, while “recalling” was considered a more cognitively deman­ding task. The analyzed acoustic parameters were the segment duration, the intensity, and four spectral moments: (1) the spectral center of gravity, (2) standard deviation/ variance, (3) skewness, and (4) kurtosis. The results showed that a greater speech rate shortens the duration of the target segments. The speech rate did not affect any spec­tral moment, except the spectral center of gravity, but only in the case of the fricative /ʃ/. It also did not affect the intensity. In faster speech, target segments did not differ significantly in kurtosis, which indicates the process of their mutual neutralization. The cognitive difficulty of the task did not influence the acoustic characteristics of the target speakers. The research also showed that the 1st, 3rd, and 4th spectral moments successfully distinguish the fricatives /s/ and /ʃ/ in Croatian, while the 2nd spectral moment did not significantly differentiate the target segments. The research has reve­aled that in the Croatian language the sound energy of the fricative /s/ is concentrated at higher frequencies on the spectrum and has a lower kurtosis than /ʃ/, although both segments have a spectrum with well-defined peaks. Both analyzed segments have an asymmetric distribution of spectral energy around the center, but in opposite directi­ons – for /s/ the kurtosis has positive, while for /ʃ/ has negative values.
speech rate; cognitive load; spectral moments; voiceless fricatives; gradual speech errors
The Legal Style of Croatian-Language Versions of European Union Legislation
The legal style of the Croatian-language versions of EU legislation draws on two sources: the legal style of standard Croatian, and a hybrid language based on combined linguistic concepts derived from the working languages of the European Union, as well as from the official languages of the member states that make up this international political and economic organisation. The purpose of this article is to present the features of the Croatian legal style by means of theoretical presentation thereof, to indicate (on the basis of the analysis) the features of Croatian Euro-jargon, i.e. the supranational style of the texts of EU legal acts, and to make an attempt to show if and how Euro-jargon influences the drafting of the texts of Croatian national laws.
European Union; functional styles of the Croatian language; the legal style of the Croatian language; Croatian Euro-jargon; normative texts
The Corpus of Spoken Istrovenetian/Fiuman and Croatian (C-ORAL-IC)
Bilingual conversational corpora are invaluable for studying genuine contact phenomena in spontaneous bilingual speech. This paper presents the Corpus of Spoken Istrovenetian/Fiuman and Croatian (C-ORAL-IC), the first corpus documenting unscripted Istrovenetian and Fiuman dialects spoken among bilinguals in the Istrian and Kvarner areas of Croatia. The region has a long history of Croatian and Italian cultural and linguistic interaction, shaping a complex sociolinguistic system with diglossic and polyglossic relations. C-ORAL-IC includes data from 87 bilingual/multilingual speakers and features over 85,000 tokens and 27,000 types. Available on TalkBank (BilingBank subsection) [https://talkbank.org, https://biling.talkbank.org/access/C-ORAL-IC.html], it includes transcribed, phonologically adapted, coded, segmented and morphologically tagged recordings. Additional participant data on language history and usage are available. C-ORAL-IC provides a rich resource for exploring spontaneous bilingual speech, offering insights into conversational features, structure, and synchronic changes in Istrovenetian/Fiuman.
jezično uzorkivanje; govoreni korpusi; kodno preključivanje; dvojezični diskurs
Finno-Ugric Lexical Borrowings in West Baltic Languages
The paper discusses 27 West Baltic words suspected of being borrowed from a Finno-Ugric source. Five lexical items are evaluated negatively, while several further proposals are considered uncertain. Numerous words are verified as Finno-Ugric loanwords. Among them one can distinguish physiographical terms, e.g. OPrus. jūrī ‘sea’ (← FV. *järwä ‘lake, sea’); OPrus. *salavō ‘island’ (← FU. *salaw ‘island; dry place in the swamp’ < Ur. *sala), as well as trees and plants, e.g. OPrus. kadegis ‘juniper’ (← BFi. *kataŋa ‘id.’ ← Ur. *kača ‘resin’); OPrus. malko ‘wood’ (← FU. *malka ‘a species of willow’, secondarily ‘willow stick’); Yatv. sini pl. ‘mushrooms’ (← BFi. *sēne ‘mushroom’ < FU. *ćänä ‘bracket fungus’). There are also lexical units denoting animals, meat and skin obtained from them, e.g. OPrus. sylecke ‘Baltic herring’ (← *siläkkä ‘id.’ ← Ur. *śilä ‘fat’); OPrus. kaywe ‘mare’ (← BFi. *kēwe ‘female horse or reindeer’ < Ur. *käδ́wä ‘female animal’); Yatv. fała ‘meat’ (← FU. *pala ‘bite; to eat’); OPrus. pusne ‘(knee-high) boot’ (← FU. *pučni ‘shoe upper’ < Ur. *ponči ‘hide on reindeer’s leg’). Intensive linguistic contacts between the Western Balts and an unknown people of Finno-Ugric origin are strongly confirmed by verbal forms, e.g. Yatv. wał ‘was’ (← FU. *wol- ‘was’); Yatv. wa ‘it is necessary’ (← BFi. *wajagɜ ‘id.’).
Baltic; borrowings; Finno-Ugric; language contact; Old Prussian; substrate; Yatvingian
On the Local Dialects of the Former Noble Municipality of Draganić
In this work, the linguistic landscape of the former Noble Municipality of Draganić is summarily described on the phonological and morphological levels. The description is based on data from the local dialects of Bencetići, Čeglji, Goljak, Guci, Lazina, Lug and Vukšin Šipak, situated on the borders of Draganić, as well as from Vrbanci, situated at the center. Features common to all of the Draganić local dialects, as well as features in which they differ, are listed. All of these local dialects are structurally identical and differ mainly in the realisation of certain linguistic units – more specifically, mainly in the realisation of long vowels. To a lesser degree, they differ in the distribution of linguistic units – a product of their slightly different historical developments – the largest of these differences being the divergent development of the “basic Kajkavian acute” in the local dialect of Čeglji compared to the other Draganić local dialects. The position of these local dialects in the context of the Plješivica-Ozalj dialect is also discussed. That dialect is a part of a dialect continuum, and the Draganić local dialects are not all situated at the same point in the continuum. Nonetheless, all of the Draganić local dialects are more similar to one another than any one of them is similar to the vast majority of neighbouring local dialects. For this reason, it is possible to treat them as a single, Draganić group of local dialects, and to distinguish within it four slightly different “types” of local dialects: the central, the northern or Guci, the Lazina and the Čeglji type.
Plješivica-Ozalj; Draganić; Draganići; local dialect of Draganić; Kajkavian
The Role of Conceptual Metaphors and L2 Proficiency in Cross-Language Facilitation of Idiom Comprehension
This study investigates the role of the learners’ L1 and L2 language in the formulaic transfer between the two languages in the case of metaphorical expressions which are either based on conceptual metaphors present in both languages (CM-motivated) or are culturally-specific (CS-motivated) to either L1 or L2 context. With the aim of investigating the direction and strength of L1-L2 and L2-L1 transfers respectively, a three-part instrument was used that included a learning profile survey, an English proficiency test, and the main questionnaire consisting of 19 Croatian idioms in English (L1-to-L2 items) and 19 English idioms in Croatian (L2-to-L1 items) respectively. Results showed both direction of transfer and underlying motivation (metaphor-related (CM) or culturally specific (CS) phrase origin) influence idiom comprehension in L2 context, with better comprehension recorded in the L1-to-L2 condition. In line with the dual route model, L2 proficiency was found to have a stronger effect under the L1-to-L2 condition. This suggests L2 learners were more successful in understanding L1 idioms in L2 context with a higher rate of accuracy recorded for the CM-motivated phrases. Accordingly, lower accuracy rates were recorded for CS-motivated idioms without L1 translational equivalents, thus adding to the evidence on L2 learners’ reliance on L1 conceptual systems.
conceptual metaphor; formulaic transfer; idioms; L2 proficiency; Croatian
Critical Analysis of Age-Related References in the Discourse of Croatian Print Media
Traditional and modern media serve both as sources of diverse information and as conduits for prejudicial beliefs and discriminatory attitudes held by content creators. These views are often disseminated among audiences without critical reflection, thereby fostering ageism—the discrimination of individuals based solely on their age, regardless of their physical or mental abilities, education, skills, social status, or personal characteristics. Employing a methodological framework grounded in critical discourse analysis, this study examined age references related to individuals over 65—specifically, expressions that denote aging, old age, and life at this stage—which were collected from Croatian print media, including dailies and weeklies published over a one-month period. The objective was to establish how people over 65 are discursively represented in texts, to identify the representational, referential, and predicational strategies employed, and to delineate the roles and contexts in which they appear, especially in comparison to those outside their age group. The analysis included texts concerning prominent older individuals or interviews in which their age is invariably mentioned, as well as texts in which older people are depicted as a homogeneous collective. The findings indicate that the spectrum of roles and contexts in which older people are collectively portrayed is markedly narrow, effectively rendering them invisible in societal discourse except when they are recipients of assistance or when their health is at stake. Moreover, while explicit ageism is relatively uncommon, latent ageism— manifested through stereotypical representations of individual older persons—persists when their lifestyle and activities deviate from the framework which the society has intended for them.
dobizam; kritička analiza diskursa; referencije povezane s dobi; hrvatski tiskani mediji
NOVI POGLEDI NA SUVREMENU DRAMSKU I KAZALIŠNU SCENU NJEMAČKOG GOVORNOG PODRUČJA
Prikaz knjige: Sonja Novak i Katarina Žeravica: "Dramski i kazališni krajolik njemačkog govornog područja na početku 21. stoljeća" (Filozofski fakultet Sveučilišta Josipa Jurja Strossmayera u Osijeku, Osijek, 2023)
MEDIJSKA RASLOJENOST KLASIČNOG DETEKTIVSKOG PRIPOVIJEDANJA
Prikaz knjige: Antonija Primorac: "Što čitamo kad čitamo hrvatskog Sherlocka Holmesa: prijevod, pastiš i digitalni zaokret u svjetskoj književnosti" (Sveučilište u Rijeci, Filozofski fakultet, Rijeka, 2023)
LUPIĆEVA SKLADNJA IZVRSNA PRVOG CJELOVITOG IZDANJA DJELA HANIBALA LUCIĆA
Prikaz knjige: "Hanibal Lucić, Djela" Priredio Ivan Lupić. Talijanske tekstove preveo Borna Treska, Stoljeća hrvatske književnosti. Knjiga 155 (Matica hrvatska, Zagreb, 2023)
Prikaz knjige: Ismail Palić: "Gramatika bosanskoga jezika, Sintaksa, knjiga I" (Univerzitet u Sarajevu, Institut za jezik, Sarajevo, 2024)
VRIJEDNA KNJIGA KOGNITIVNOLINGVISTIČKIH RASPRAVA U KROATISTICI
Prikaz knjige: Branimir Belaj: "Kognitivna lingvistika i hrvatski jezik" (Filozofski fakultet Sveučilišta Josipa Jurja Strossmayera u Osijeku, Osijek, 2023)
ANTUN ROZANOVIĆ’S KORČULA DEFENDED FROM THE TURKS
In 1571, Antun Rozanović participated in the defense of Korčula against the attack of Turkish pirates, after which he described the most important events related to the preparation of the defense and the battle itself in a Latin work entitled Corcyrae Mele¬nae opus. His work was regularly used by historians as a report that offers first-hand information, while analyses from the perspective of literary scholarship are still large¬ly lacking. In this essay Rozanović’s Latin work is viewed in relation to the reports he wrote in Italian in the form of a letter to the Venetian government and in the form of a letter to a friend, so as to identify the rhetorical procedures by which the content of the reports was expanded and given a more literary shape. In accordance with the es¬tablished classification of Neo-Latin literature, Rozanović’s text is placed in the tradition of the historiographic genre of commentary.
Antun Rozanović; Korčula Defended from the Turks; Korčula; historiography; commentary; Neo-Latin literature
This paper analyzes the ways in which the dynamics of hegemonic masculinity and the scandal of same-sex sexuality spark and reflect broader ideological and political con¬flicts in Ivo Andrić’s Bosnian Chronicle. I focus on the theoretical contributions of masculinity studies to the study of literature and three key aspects in which the themes of cultural identity and alterity are refracted through Andrić’s complex repre¬sentations of manifold masculinities. First, the paper theoretically situates the generational conflict that Andrić introduces between his two main characters, the French consuls Daville and Des Fossés, within the theoretical framework of hegemon¬ic masculinity. I then turn to the normative male characters’ differently gendered profiles that are established through their relationships with women. I also analyze the ways in which these private relationships reflect these men’s specific position within the configuration of hegemonic masculinity and their broader ideologies and political goals. Finally, I single out two specific situations in which the novel, through male homosexuality, cements a sense of belonging among normative men, and, fur¬thermore, also establishes boundaries within hegemonic masculinity that extend both beyond their mutual conflicts and beyond conflicting geopolitical missions and socio¬cultural loyalties.
Ivo Andrić; Bosnian Chronicle; masculinity studies; hegemonic masculinity; orientalism; homosexuality
Starting from the premise about the contemporariness of interdiscursive relations between literature and history in the contemporary Macedonian novel, the purpose of this text is to elaborate on and confirm this thesis through the interpretation of the novel Ako se rodat nekakvi chuvstva by the Macedonian author Blazhe Minevski. The theoretical framework of the research is related to Elisabeth Wesseling and Brian McHale’s concept of postmodernist historical novel that is interpretatively applied to Minevski’s novel. The interpretive focus is placed on two levels: 1 on the genre variati¬ons of the postmodernist historical novel, embodied in the “making historiography” model; 2 on the epistemological and ontological themes in Minevski’s novel and the metafictional narrative strategies through which these themes are articulated in the novel.
The paper examines the characteristics of metapoetry of Slavonian Romantics as a theo-retical-literary genre hybrid in which the Romantic myth of poetic creative powers was (re)created through various metatextual strategies and the Romantic idea of the autono¬my of artistic work was promoted, thus contributing to the constitution of Romantic poetics in Croatian literature. It is also established that the genre, in addition to work¬ing on the autonomization of literature, was characterized by supporting and reflecting the 19th-century Croatian national-cultural identification processes. Par¬nassus imagery was used to metaphorically indicate the value of Slavonian literary heritage as a component of Croatian literature and represent the work on the develop¬ment of a unique Croatian national literature and the establishment of a national literary canon.
Slavonian writers; Romanticism; metapoetry; autonomization of literature; national-cultural identification
ANALYSIS OF SELECTED BORROWINGS IN THE SOCIOLECT OF GERMAN-SPEAKING CLIMBERS
The growing interest in mountaineering, and in particular in climbing, which is pre¬sent not only worldwide but also in Germany, has also led to the development of its sociolect. The international character of this discipline is also reflected in contact bet¬ween languages which leads to borrowings in German. The aim of this paper is therefore to qualitatively examine part of the borrowed linguistic material (lexical bor¬rowings) from the sociolect of climbers. The analysis focuses on possible access paths, degrees of assimilation and motivation that may be behind these processes. The paper focuses mainly on borrowings from English and French.
THE VALUE INTERFACES OF MEDIA COVID-CULTURE IN ONLINE PRESS
The outbreak of COVID-19 has caused a radical division of communities and reformatted a considerable area of interpersonal communication in the contemporary “glocalized” world. Historically and culturally developed standards, flexibly stable communication concepts, and universally applicable codes with a substantial degree of persuasive and expressive force have produced accelerated responses to the special requirements and challenges that contemporary social media discourse needs to, wants to, or can manage. In the pragma-communication ambit covering the COVID-19 issue, what was obviously activated and integrated were the methods and means of professional (medical, psychological, social, economic, political, military) and media discourse, including the extreme persuasiveness, inherent colloquialization, as well as individualization, of the web-based media products. In the context of the delicate thematic and pragmatic spectrum, a culturally specific way of intertextual media presentation of contents, intentions and effects was created at the intersection of the said communication markers. Using an adapted speech acts theory, the study focuses on a socio-pragmatic definition of interfaces in a so-called covid-culture value area, which occurs in contemporary online press featuring opinion journalism.
interpersonal communication; speech act theory; media communication sphere; online press; covid-culture value area.
KORPUSNO UTEMELJENA ANALIZA JEZIČNIH SREDSTAVA S POTENCIJALNOM FUNKCIJOM OGRAĐIVANJA U POMORSKOPRAVNIM TEKSTOVIMA NA ENGLESKOME JEZIKU
Hedges are epistemic linguistic devices that mitigate categorical claims by expressing the possibility, uncertainty, vagueness, or a degree of commitment of the speaker or author of the text towards the truth value of the proposition. Previous research has shown that hedges are one of the fundamental features of scientific discourse. Howe¬ver, hedges also occur in legal discourse, in which such epistemic expressions perform specific communicative functions. The paper presents the results of the analysis of po¬tential hedges carried out on a corpus of four maritime legal texts written in English. The texts include two international conventions, one set of regulations, and one code. Based on the list of potential lexical hedges and hedging strategies identified in previ¬ous similar research, a quantitative analysis was carried out using the Sketch Engine tool and examples of actual hedges were extracted from the corpus and analysed quali¬tatively. The most common potential lexical hedges recorded in the corpus are epistemic modal verbs, while the most significant potential hedging strategies are con¬ditional clauses and the passive voice. Hedges are used to express (im)precision, limit the legal scope, and soften the author’s commitment to the truth value or probability of a proposition, implying that a particular statement is not based on reliable knowled¬ge, but rather on plausible and/or hypothetical reasoning.
hedges; maritime legal texts; corpus analysis; lexical hedges; strategic hedges; epistemic modal verbs
TERMINOLOŠKA VARIJACIJA U PRAVNIM TEKSTOVIMA EUROPSKE UNIJE
This paper explores terminological variation in EU legal texts. In contemporary termi¬nology, variation is observed not only as part of specialized language, but also as a functional tool that contributes to the dynamicity of specialized language. However, consistent use of terminology is the fundamental principle of jurisprudence and legi¬slative drafting, as inconsistent use of terminology can undermine uniform application of the law and thereby legal certainty. Applying the law consistently and uniformly is particularly important in the EU multilingual context. To investigate term variants in this context, a parallel corpus of English and Croatian EU texts in the field of crypto-assets was compiled. By virtue of both quantitative and qualitative cor¬pus analysis, the frequency of variation in Croatian and English is determined, while analysing the types and causes of variants in accordance with state-of-the-art research on variation in specialized language. The paper proposes new criteria for identifying legal variants with regard to the unique features of the legal field. The results will hen¬ce further contemporary theoretical and corpus-based research into legal language employing parallel corpora to investigate term variants.
Copyright (c) 2024 FLUMINENSIA : Journal for philological research
ENKLITIKE NAKON POČETNE SINTAGME U SUVREMENOM PISANOM HRVATSKOM
Although enclitics in contemporary written Croatian are often placed immediately af¬ter an initial phrase, e.g. Njezin prijatelj je stigao kući (‘Her friend has come home.’), codification reference books generally proscribe this position and prescribe phrase splitting, e.g. Njezin je prijatelj stigao kući, or delayed placement of enclitics, e.g. Njezin prijatelj stigao je kući. Based on research conducted on a corpus of unedited scholarly texts containing about 180,000 words, the paper describes actual tendencies in the placement of enclitics in sentences with an initial phrase in contemporary written Croatian and presents recommendations for codification. Delayed placement clearly dominates in the corpus, with enclitics most often choosing the first word to the right of the initial phrase which independently forms a sentence component as their host. In most cases this is the predicate, although predicate is usually not a host if it is at the very end of the sentence. The position immediately after the phrase is significantly more frequent than phrase splitting, which is common only in phrases composed of a pronoun (more rarely also an adjective) and a noun and in the case of particles modi¬fying a sentence component, while in phrases with different composition it is frequent only if they have the role of the nominal part of the predicate. Phrases are significantly more frequently split by independent enclitics than by enclitic clusters. Some of the observed tendencies were confirmed as statistically significant by the application of the chi-square test, while those for which the application of the test was not possible were illustrated by means of descriptive statistics. The recommendations for codifica¬tion emphasize delayed placement as the basic and neutral position in contemporary written Croatian, while phrase splitting outside of the above-mentioned cases is relati¬vely rare and marked as bookish. The position immediately after a phrase strongly penetrates written usage and in contemporary Croatian is not marked as substandard, although it can be associated with a lower level of formality.
enclitics; Croatian language; phrase splitting; delayed placement
Prikaz knjige "Pragmalingvističke studije" (Hrvatska sveučilišna naklada, Zagreb, 2023) Nikoline Palašić.
U „DIVLJINI“ KLITIKA: EMPIRIJSKI PRISTUP
Prikaz kolektivne monografije "Clitics in the wild: Empirical studies on the microvariation of the pronominal, reflexive and verbal clitics in Bosnian, Croatian and Serbian" (Language Science Press, Berlin, 2022) koju potpisuju Zrinka Kolaković, Edyta Jurkiewicz-Rohrbacher, Björn Hansen, Dušica Filipović Đurđević i Nataša Fritz.
ZNAČAJAN DOPRINOS PROUČAVANJU USTALJENIH SVEZA MEĐU RIJEČIMA
Prikaz knjige "Metaforičke kolokacije. Od konceptualizacije do ustaljene sveze" (Sveučilište u Rijeci, Filozofski fakultet, 2024) Anete Stojić.