Bulletin of the International Association for Paleodontology
AIMS AND SCOPE: Bulletin of the International Association for Paleodontology is an interdisciplinary open access online journal inviting and welcoming contributions from anthropology, bioarchaeology, paleodontology and related fields. The journal publishes papers and develops discussions on a wide range of research problems, e.g. methodo-logy and methods of bioarchaeological, and anthropological research, including field and laboratory study techniques; information technologies; bioarchaeological reconstruction; human evolution; etc. The journal also publishes results of field investigations conducted by bioarchaeologists, anthropologists, osteologists, and announcements of symposia and professional meetings. It is the goal of this publication to provide authors with an international forum for the presentation of their materials and ideas. Bulletin of the International Association for Paleodontology is published two times a year (spring and autumn). Before submitting a manuscript, please read carefully our Instructions for authors, Review policy and Ethics policy. ISSN: 1846-6273 (Online) WEB: https://paleodontology.com/journal/ PUBLISHER: International Association for Paleodontology FIRST YEAR OF PUBLICATION: 2007 SCIENTIFIC DISCIPLINES AND SUBDISCIPLINES: Biomedicine and Healthcare; Dental Medicine; Humanistic Sciences; Archeology; Ethnology and Anthropology RIGHTS: Bulletin of the International Association for Paleodontology is an Open Access journal. All con-tent is made freely available. Users are allowed to copy and redistribute, and alter, transform, or build upon the material as long as they attribute the source in an appropriate manner. Users can not use the materials for commercial purposes without previous arrangement with the publisher. No article processing charges. No article submission charges. INDEXING: Bulletin of the International Association for Paleodontology is indexed in: • SCOPUS • DOAJ (Directory of open access journals) • EBSCO • Genamics JournalSeek • Hrcak • ICMJE (Committee of Medical Journal Editors) CONTACT: Bulletin of the International Association for Paleodontology Department of Dental Anthropology, School of Dental Medicine, University of Zagreb Gunduliceva 5, HR-10000 Zagreb, Croatia Tel: +385 1 4899 214 Fax: +385 1 4802 159 E-mail: bulletin@paleodontology.com Web: www.paleodontology.com LEGAL NOTICE: Neither the IAPO nor any person acting on its behalf may be held responsible for the use which might be made of the information contained in this publication, nor for any errors which may appear.
International Association for Paleodontology
Forensic odontology for edentulous cases – a diagnostic bereft
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Knowledge and awareness of medicolegal aspects among dental practitioners in rural, urban, and suburban areas of Indonesia: a cross-sectional study
Dental professionals need comprehensive knowledge of both clinical and medicolegal aspects to manage patient care effectively. In Indonesia, diverse geographic and socio-economic conditions in rural, urban, and suburban areas present unique challenges. This study evaluates the medicolegal knowledge and awareness among dental practitioners in these varied practice settings. An observational analytic cross-sectional study was conducted with 274 dental practitioners from Indonesia's rural, urban, and suburban areas. Data were collected through an online survey assessing knowledge and awareness of medicolegal aspects in dental practice. Knowledge was measured with ten specific questions, with scores above 7.5 indicating satisfactory knowledge. Awareness was evaluated using 22 Likert-scale statements, with scores over 66 reflecting high awareness. Statistical analysis, including the Chi-square test, compared knowledge and awareness across different regions and examined these factors' correlations. The study found no significant differences in medicolegal knowledge and awareness based on practice location (p>0.05). 85.8% of respondents had inadequate knowledge, while 65.7% demonstrated satisfactory awareness. Additionally, workload did not significantly affect knowledge or awareness (p>0.05). Geographic location, workload, and gender do not significantly impact dental practitioners' medicolegal knowledge and awareness in Indonesia. However, the study highlights a substantial gap in knowledge, underscoring the need for enhanced education and training in this area to improve the legal proficiency of dental professionals. Keywords: Medicolegal; knowledge; awareness; dental practitioner; legal remedy
Beshlina Fitri Widayanti Roosyanto Prakoeswa
Palatal rugae pattern and tongue print as a potential tool for gender identification in forensic odontology: a cross-sectional study
Background: Palatal rugae and tongue morphology have been widely studied for their potential applications in forensic identification and anthropology. Their uniqueness and stability make them valuable markers for gender differentiation. This study aimed to analyse the palatal rugae and tongue morphology in a selected population and assess their applicability in gender identification. Methods: A total of 200 participants (100 males and 100 females) were enrolled in this observational study. Palatal rugae were recorded using maxillary casts and classified based on number, shape, length, direction, and unification. Tongue morphology was assessed using standardized photographs, focusing on shape, border, and fissures. Statistical analysis was conducted to determine gender-based differences. Results: The mean number of total palatal rugae was significantly higher in males (9.13 ± 2.08) compared to females (8.47 ± 1.86, p<0.05). Males exhibited a greater number of straight rugae, while wavy and curved patterns were prevalent in both genders. The most common tongue shape was U-shaped (55%), followed by V-shaped (36.5%) and bifid (8.5%), with significant gender differences (p<0.05). Smooth tongue borders were more frequent in females, whereas scalloped borders were more prevalent in males. Conclusion: The study highlights significant gender differences in palatal rugae patterns and tongue morphology, supporting their utility in forensic identification. These findings reinforce the importance of oral anatomical structures as adjunctive tools in forensic and anthropological studies. Further research incorporating digital analysis techniques may enhance identification accuracy.
Microdontia and hypodontia in two female skeletons from the Rovinj – St. Euphemia site
This case study focuses on two rare dental anomalies – unilateral microdontia and bilateral hypodontia – identified in two female skeletons excavated in a shared burial from the medieval and early modern cemetery of St. Euphemia in Rovinj, Croatia. Detailed anthropological and radiological analyses revealed the presence of microdontia in the right maxillary third molar of individual SU 298 and hypodontia affecting the maxillary lateral incisors of individual SU 299. These findings contribute to the understanding of dental variation in archaeological contexts and highlight the influence of genetic and environmental factors on these anomalies. The co-occurrence of anomalies and the shared burial context suggest a potential familial link, underlining the importance of integrating bioarcheological with molecular studies. This article provides deeper insight into the health of individuals and the wider population in Rovinj between the 15th and 17th centuries.
The applicability of Demirjian’s and Nolla’s dental age estimation methods for children in Surabaya, Indonesia
Accurate age estimation in children is crucial in various justice-related contexts, including adoption, asylum claims, and immigration cases. Additionally, dental age estimation plays a key role in treatment planning within pediatric dentistry and orthodontics. This study aimed to assess the applicability of two widely used dental age estimation methods, Demirjian and Nolla, for children aged 6 to 15 years in Surabaya, Indonesia. A total of 200 panoramic radiographs from the Dental Hospital, Universitas Airlangga were analyzed to compare chronological age (CA) and estimated dental age (DA). The results revealed significant differences between CA and DA when using the Demirjian method for males (p < 0.05) and the Nolla method for both sexes (p < 0.05). However, no statistically significant differences were observed for females using the Demirjian method. The Demirjian method demonstrated greater accuracy, with the lowest mean absolute error (MAE) of 0.92 years for males and 0.82 years for females, compared to the Nolla method, which showed an MAE of 1.10 years for males and 0.87 years for females. These findings suggest that the Demirjian method is more reliable, particularly for estimating the dental age of females in the Surabaya population. Additionally, the Demirjian method showed higher accuracy in younger children (ages 6–10 years), while the Nolla method performed better in older children (ages 11–15 years).
Analyzing orocraniofacial structures for sex estimation using advanced imaging technologies in forensic odontology: a review
Determining an individual's sex plays a vital role in their identification within forensic investigations. In determining sex especially in cases such as mass disasters, criminal acts, or conditions where visual identification is not possible, teeth and orocraniofacial bones can be used for the identification process due to their resistance to destruction or decomposition. Some parts of the skull that can be used to identify gender in unidentified victims include the mandible (measured from its mandibular ramus height, condylar mandible), maxillary sinus, mastoid process, foramen magnum. Nowadays, the use of advanced imaging in identifying sex as a non - invasive evaluation process during forensic investigation has been used to obtain more accurate information, such as Cone-Beam Computed Tomography (CBCT), Computed Tomography (CT), Magnetic Resonance Imaging (MRI), and Facial Reconstruction. The advantages of anatomical imaging applications with advanced imaging technique make it easier to be stored for a longer period of time, faster, and easier portability. In addition, Cone Beam Computed Tomography (CBCT) also offers accurate details of complex anatomical structures due to its ability for fast volumetric imaging with high resolution. Sex estimation through advanced imaging techniques using both morphometric and non-morphometric methods show size differences in male and female skulls. This study discusses an overview of the various methodologies and characteristics of advanced imaging techniques for sex estimation in craniofacial region and concludes that advanced imaging is a potential tool in forensic odontology for sex estimation, with the potency to improve efficiency and accuracy in forensic identification in the future. Keyword : sex estimation, forensic odontology, advanced imaging
Strontium isotope analysis of human dental enamel from a mass burial at Udhruh fortress, Southern Jordan: a paleomobility study
Udhruh Fortress in southern Jordan was constructed in AD 303–304 by the Roman Legionis VI Ferratae as part of the Limes Arabicus to serve as a stronghold against desert nomads. Recent excavations within the fortress have unearthed several unstratified skeletal remains, raising questions about their identity and origin. To address this, we conducted 87Sr/86Sr analysis on dental enamel from 10 individuals to determine their potential mobility, which mirrors the origin of ingested food during childhood and thus the geological region where individuals spent their early years. To establish a bioavailable strontium ratio for Udhruh fortress, we considered the published 87Sr/86Sr ratios from three sites near Udhruh, specifically Basta, Khirbet Nawafleh, and Dajaniah. All the reported strontium data were corrected against the NIST SRM987 standard by Wang and colleagues. The results of the study showed no migrations into the study area and showed a high probability of mobility between fortresses and/or sites in the study area. In other words, the sampled individuals were mostly Roman local legionnaires, thus supporting the notion that the identity of being "Roman" was linked to the formidable might and authority of the Roman state rather than cultural characteristics.
Bilateral odontogenic maxillary sinusitis due to advanced tooth wear in a female individual from late antiquity Philippopolis (Bulgaria)
ABSTRACT A rare case of bilateral odontogenic maxillary sinusitis associated with advanced tooth abrasion in a female individual from late antiquity Philippopolis is presented and discussed. Keywords: odontogenic maxillary sinusitis; tooth abrasion, late antiquity
Microbiological analysis in forensic identification and machine learning: a review
Microorganisms that share human body space and live in the surrounding environment carry specific microbial signatures in each individual and location. They interact continuously with the surrounding environment and this interaction may provide useful information. In the body of a deceased, microorganisms are called as thanatomicrobiome. This fact presents a promising alternative tool for human identification from the traditional identification methods (fingerprint and DNA analysis) in cases where the samples for those methods are unattainable. Microbiological analysis introduces the possibility of using microbiomes as identifiers in forensic investigation and their values can be directed into four aspects; PMI inference, individual identification, tissue or fluid identification and geolocation inference. Rapid technological advancement in artificial intelligence has been widely applied to a lot of disciplines including forensic science. The use of artificial intelligence enhances the accuracy of microbial identification. Numerous machine learning frameworks have been created such as RF, SVM, and ANN alongside the expansion of metagenomic databases. Along with this, concerns regarding limitation and ethical implication of the AI application in forensic microbiology arise. As more research are conducted, people may become aware of the importance of microbiome data and their privacy. There are also concerns regarding AI-generated analysis reports being used in judicial processes because of how inexplicable the way AI works. This paper summarizes the application of microbiological analysis in forensic identification and development of forensic microbiology with the aid of artificial intelligence, specifically the machine learning technique with few examples leaning towards forensic odontology (samples from oral cavity). Keywords: machine learning, forensic identification, microbiological, artificial intelligence
Comprehensive review: update in age estimation of forensic odontology
Forensic odontology is crucial for identifying individuals, particularly in cases of mass disasters and criminal investigations, where age estimation aids in reconstructing biological profiles of unidentified remains. Teeth are favored for age estimation due to their exceptional durability and resistance to heat, chemicals, decay, and various other factors. As teeth have a unique and durable structure, they serve as a reliable indicator for age estimation. Various methods can be used in age estimation on clinical, radiographic, and biological dental examinations. Visual methods are based on the tooth eruption and morphological parameter of aging, like attrition, deposition of secondary dentin, and discoloration. Radiographic method can be used with various analysis methods such as Schour and Massler, Adisty Atlas, modified Gleiser and Hunt, Demirjian scoring, Al-Qahtani method, Camerier, and crown and root formation stages with modified Moores method to provide valuable insights into the stages of tooth development. Additionally, DNA methylation offers a molecular approach with age-specific patterns. Complementary biological methods, such as telomere length measurement and secondary dentin analysis, further contribute to the accuracy of age assessments. Artificial intelligence (AI) has also been widely used especially in virtual autopsy in identifying a person based on age estimation. By integrating these diverse methodologies, forensic odontology can significantly improve the reliability of age estimations, providing critical information for legal and medical applications in the identification of both living and deceased individuals. This review emphasizes the importance of a multidisciplinary approach in advancing forensic odontology and enhancing age estimation techniques. Keyword : Age Estimation; DNA Methylation; Forensic Odontology
Gender determination by radiomorphometric analysis of permanent mandibular canines using orthopantomograms: an observational study
Introduction: Identification of unknown human remains is mainly done by establishing a biological profile in which sex determination is one of the key identifiers. The present study aims to analyze the sexual dimorphism exhibited by mandibular canines in the South Indian population. Materials and Method: A total of 250 orthopantomograms of adults aged 20 to 59 years were selected for the present observational study. The maximum mesiodistal diameter of the permanent mandibular canines was measured using Image J software. The maximum mesiodistal crown diameter at the height of the contour and the cervical line was considered. Results : An accuracy of 66.8% was obtained by the derived logistic regression formular. The maximum mesiodistal diameter at the HOC and cervix is higher in males compared to females. The index of Sexual Dimorphism calculations showed a higher value at the cervix than at the height of contour. Conclusion: Mesiodistal radiomorphometric measurements of mandibular canine can aid in gender determination in forensic odontology and paleodontology. The radiomorphometric measurements at the cervix show a better sexual dimorphism than the maximum crown diameter. Radiomorphometric measurements can be used as an aid in establishing the biological profile of unknown human remains.
A pilot study on ethnic variations and reverse sexual dimorphism in permanent teeth dimensions of sub-adult Santhal population of India
The teeth are resistant towards environmental and decomposition processes and can often be found in cases of mass disasters, charred or mutilated bodies. India is a land of diverse ethnicities and odontometric data of specific tribal populations is deficient. The Santhals are one of the largest tribal groups of India and exploring their dental traits will be useful in deciphering their biological profile, oral health and dietary patterns. The present study aims to explore sexual dimorphism in the tooth dimensions of sub-adult Santhal population and study their ethnic variations with other tribal population groups. A cross-sectional study was conducted on 100 participants (50M/ 50F) aged between 14-20 years of the Santhal origin. Direct measurements of 14 variables were taken intra-orally using digital vernier callipers. All the data was statistically analysed using SPSS.21.00. The mandibular canines showed the highest classification accuracy (MnRC=85%, MnLC=87%) in univariate discriminant function analysis. The mandibular left canine showed a sexing accuracy of 82.5% in the ROC Analysis. The maxillary and mandibular canine width of the Santhal females were smaller than those of the other north-eastern tribal groups. A statistically significant difference (p<0.001) was observed among the maxillary and mandibular canine width of the Santhals with the other tribal populations using one way-ANOVA. It can be concluded that population-specific data is important to aid in forensic investigations and orthodontic treatments and should be regularly updated because of secular and temporal changes.
Examining dental malpractice in Indonesia through case studies
Professional compatibility of dental practitioners in medico-legal practices is essential for modern healthcare, requiring alignment of competencies, ethical standards, and legal compliance to ensure effective and safe patient care. This study examines the professional and legal challenges faced by dental practitioners in Indonesia through a qualitative case study analysis of two significant dental malpractice cases adjudicated by the Supreme Court in Jakarta (2016) and Denpasar, Bali (2015). The research reviews legal documents, court rulings, and medical records, supplemented by expert consultations and comparative analysis. The findings emphasize the importance of accurate medical records, effective communication, informed consent, and adherence to professional standards. This paper highlights the implications for the Indonesian healthcare system, advocating for enhanced communication skills, continuous education, and clearer guidelines to protect patient rights and guide practitioners. These insights provide valuable lessons for improving healthcare delivery, safeguarding patient rights, and reducing medical malpractice, contributing to a more robust and patient-centric healthcare system in Indonesia.
Dental developmental defects due to mercurial treatment in a child from Late Middle Age Getap (Armenia)
The morphology of the teeth can vary due to genetic factors, infectious diseases and other environmental stresses. In the past, treatment of congenital syphilis with mercury also interrupted dental processes. This resulted in significantly different dental signs. An incomplete skeleton of a 1.5-year-old child with suspected congenital syphilis was found in the Getap monument of Armenia. Part of the skeleton was recovered, and only the teeth and the skull show changes. These dental abnormalities resemble teeth affected by mercurial treatment in congenital syphilitic patients as described by Hutchinson. This is the first probable case of congenital syphilis from Armenia.
Prehistoric populations from Gua Bedug in the context of early-mid holocene of Java, Indonesia
Until recently, there has been little prehistoric research to reveal the early arrival of modern humans on the north coast of Java, Indonesia. The focus of previous research has been more on the southern part of the island. Our research in the karst area of the Rembang Zone in the northern coast of Central Java has recovered human remains which offer potential new insights on the early occupation of Java Island by modern humans, especially during the Early-Mid Holocene. In this paper, we present the results of analyses of 29 dental specimens found in Gua Bedug, Rembang Residency. The analyses were conducted mainly to determine racial affinities based on dental metric and morphology. The results show that the human inhabitants of the Gua Bedug around 5.800 BP came from two population affinities, namely Australo-Melanesian and East Asian, highlighting the diversity of human inhabitants of the region during that period of time. The results also suggest that the occupation of the north coast of Java during the Plestocene-Holocene transition, around 12.000 BP, was more complex than previously thought.
Sex determination from dry mandibles using metric methods
Objectives: The article discusses sex determination as the basis for paleodemographic studies to describe ancient societies, metric methods using mandibles. Material and Methods: Two commonly used methods in anthropology for sex determination are the anthroposcopic method and the anthropometric method. The anthroposcopic method involves a macroscopic examination of skeletal materials to identify distinguishing criteria between sexes. The article notes that sex can be determined with 100% accuracy from the pelvis and 90% accuracy from the skull, provided the skeletal remains are intact. In contrast, the anthropometric method relies on statistical analysis of results obtained from metric measurements of skeletons to reveal sex differences. This method is considered more objective because it relies on numerical data, providing precise differences between sexes. Many researchers have used metric measurements to confirm morphological differences between male and female individuals, as mentioned in the article. In this study, 11 different measurements were taken on the mandible (jawbone) and statistically evaluated, resulting in a significant difference between sexes, which allows for sex determination with an accuracy of 80% or higher. Results: Consequently, the article highlights the importance of sex determination in palaeodemographic studies and emphasizes the utility of both anthroposcopic and anthropometric methods. It underscores the significance of the mandible as a reliable skeletal material, even when other bones are absent or fragmented, and emphasizes the precision of sex determination through metric measurements.
From tradition to technology: artificial intelligence advancements in dental age estimation
Forensic odontology often necessitates the utilization of either visual or clinical methods for identification. Forensic experts may sometimes use established techniques, such as employing dental age estimation through atlases. Nevertheless, when confronted with large-scale incidents, particularly in mass disasters, the conventional methods can prove to be intricate and time-consuming, making forensic identification more challenging. Consequently, this challenge has prompted many experts to explore the integration of automation into their current practices to enhance overall efficiency and accuracy. This literature review discusses the application of artificial intelligence (AI) as a supporting method in dental age estimation. Based on the studied literature, AI in dental age estimation has the advantage of determining the maturity score of a tooth with a variety of populations and characteristics. Keywords: artificial intelligence, dental age estimation, forensic odontology, legal identity
Forensic Assessment of Trauma Using Periodontal Tissues Evaluation: possibilities and future perspectives
The article reviews the emerging field of periodontal tissue analysis in the context of forensic trauma assessment. Periodontal tissues are examined for their unique potential to improve the accuracy and scope of forensic investigations. They respond dynamically to different types of injuries, exhibiting distinct histological changes and features, thereby providing insights into the nature of injuries and their timing. Although this method is promising, it also poses notable challenges, including contamination risks, post mortem changes, and interpretation of histological results. Future implications focus on advances in molecular analysis, integration of imaging technology, and establishment of reference databases. Standardization, quality assurance, and interdisciplinary collaboration are essential to ensure reliable periodontal tissue analysis. In summary, periodontal tissue analysis is a dynamic and promising tool with significant implications in the forensics, provided it is used ethically and in accordance with the highest standards. This emerging field highlights the use of periodontal tissue analysis and commitment of forensic experts needed to unravel the complexities of trauma, offering a potential path in the field of forensic science.
Reviewing in the Different Types of Heavy Materials in the Human Teeth
Heavy materials can be detected by recording long-term exposures to human teeth due to their stable nature. Teeth have mechanical properties such as hardness, elasticity, viscoelasticity and fracture behaviour. In this review, the level of cadmium, lead, mercury, arsenic and etc. in human dental tissues was evaluated. In order to quantify these materials in teeth, various analytical techniques were used. The results indicated detectable levels of these heavy materials which varied between individuals and locations. Furthermore, there was a correlation between dietary habits, tooth type, age, gender, occupational exposures, and dental heavy material concentrations. Health implications of chronic exposure to heavy materials are highlighted by the findings, which emphasizes the importance of monitoring and mitigation of environmental sources.
Dental age estimation in individuals from a Brazilian archaeological collection through the analysis of the pulp/tooth area ratio in canines
To estimate the age at death of archaeological individuals through a radiographic analysis of the pulp/tooth area ratio in canines, according to Cameriere et al. (2007)’s method and its corresponding version adapted and validated for the contemporary Brazilian population. Sixty canines recovered from 30 individuals in five pre-colonial archaeological sites (Buracão, Piaçaguera, Tenório, Moraes, and Capelinha) in the state of São Paulo, Brazil, were examined. The specimens are under the custody of the Museum of Archeology and Ethnology at the University of São Paulo (MAE-USP). Pulp and tooth radiographic areas were measured by two calibrated examiners in the free software ImageJ®. The data ​​were applied to formulas to obtain age estimates. The intraclass correlation coefficient (ICC, p≤0.05) was calculated to analyze intra- and inter-examiner agreement. The estimates were compared against those previously cataloged by the MAE-USP using other anthropological methods. There was a significant intra-examiner (ICC = 0.888 to 0.99) and inter-examiner (ICC = 0.842 to 0.908) reproducibility regarding the estimated ages. Our data indicated that the age estimates obtained through the analysis of pulp/dental area ratio were similar to, or greater than, those previously determined by techniques commonly used in bioarchaeology. The method described herein can be accurately applied to individuals from a Brazilian archaeological collection, with the possibility of estimating their age based on the examination of a single tooth. Yet, this method should be ideally combined with other techniques and further studies should be performed with individuals from different archaeological populations.
Analysis of Dental Collagen Cross-Linking and Carbonate Mineral Integration from Roman/Byzantine Sites in Jordan Using ATR-FTIR Spectroscopy
Existing bioarchaeological studies have not deeply explored the analytical characterization of the chemical structure of dentine. Accordingly, this study used ATR-FTIR to analyze the dentine of 30 human teeth from six archaeological sites in Jordan dated from the Early Roman to the Early Byzantine periods. Besides collagen cross-linking, the factors (ratios) that may influence the strength of dentine were also analyzed and include the ratios of phsphate/amide I, crbonate/phosphate, and A-type cabonate/B-type carbonate. The results of the study point to statistically insignificant diffrences in the factors affectng tensile strength of dentine and thus teeth loading on the site level, while a statistically significan one is found among sites. The differences in these ratios is found to be attributed tooth loading and age at death.
Human Dental Wear on the Late Holocene Populations, Papua-Indonesia
This study aims to find out the wear pattern and the explanations behind tooth wear in the Late Holocene population in the lowland part of Papua. For this, 51 permanent teeth from five different archaeological sites were investigated to find out the wear patterns of these teeth. In this study, wear patterns in incisors, canines, and premolars were described using the medium-resolution microscope Novex Holland. In addition, the wear and mechanical processes on the occlusal molars during the chewing cycle were interpreted. The results show that types of wear such as attrition, abrasion, erosion, and fracture are present in the incisors, canines and premolars which may be caused by the different types of food consumption. The chewing cycle method presents the wear frequencies, which vary between the sites. The teeth from Yomokho, Srobu, and Mamorikotey showed a highest impact of wear in the buccal phase I that may caused by the tough types of food consumption that require a high’shearing’ process. While the teeth from Namatota and Karas sites present the highest wear in phases lingual I and II, which could be attributed to the abrasive and rougher type of food texture, the process involves power strokes of crushing and grinding.
Anomalies Causing Fatality in Individual from Beniamin Burial Ground (Classical/Late Antiquity Period), Shirak Province, Armenia
An individual whose skeleton was exhumed from the grave No. 2 exhibited healed, trauma of the right the midfacial, damage to the left frontal, parietal and temporal bones and occipital bone. We report of presence of osseous bridge on the left side of atlas, connecting posterior part of superior articular process to the posterior arch of atlas. Sulcus vertebrae for third part of vertebral artery over superior aspect of posterior arch of atlas, converted into foramen. This is a retrogressive and morphological phenomenon considered as Kimmerle anomaly. Double foramen transversarium were detected bilaterally in 2 cervical vertebrae (C5, C6). The course of vertebral artery may be distorted under such conditions. Many studies have reported an association between a above anomalies (foramen arcuale, foramen transversarium) and neurological symptoms such as vertigo and migraine et all. It can be argued that woman entered a sedentary lifestyle. Her cause of death is likely are associated with severe a trauma to the occipital bone when falling.
Prevalence of taurodontism in a modern Austrian sample
Taurodontism is a dental condition characterized by an abnormality in the tooth root formation, believed to be caused by defects in the invagination of the Hertwig epithelial sheath during root development. It is characterized by an enlarged, apically displaced pulp chamber, short roots, and a lack of constriction at the enamel-cementum junction. Taurodontism is classified into three degrees: hypo-, meso- and hypertaurodontism. The data was collected by measuring the height of the pulp chamber in relation to the length of the pulp chamber roof to the apex of the longest root in multirooted teeth. In this study, 1,000 panoramic radiographs (PAN) from a dental practice in Upper Austria were evaluated according to the classification of Shifman and Chanannel (1978). Hypotaurodontism was not recorded. Among the subjects evaluated, 5.9% were affected by taurodontism, and the prevalence of taurodontic teeth was 1.4%. It was found that slightly more women than men exhibited the presence of taurodontism. Mesotaurodontism was identified in 43 subjects (4.3%), hypertaurodontism in eight subjects (0.8%), and both forms were present in eight cases (0.8%). The anomaly occurred significantly more frequently in the maxilla than in the mandible. The prevalence of taurodontism varies considerably worldwide due to several factors: the use of different classifications, sample sizes, variable inclusion and exclusion criteria, and population genetic reasons. Clinically, taurodontism complicates procedures such as extractions, endodontic, prosthodontic, periodontal and orthodontic treatments, which underscores its relevance in dental practice.
Sex Determination in Forensic Dentistry: Insights from Dental Resilience and Artificial Intelligence
This literature review investigates the potential enhancement of sex determination accuracy in forensic dentistry through the application of artificial intelligence (AI) techniques. A meticulous search of the literature has been conducted, focusing on the utilization of AI for sex determination based on dental attributes. A prominent study highlighted in this review primarily examines the implementation of algorithms like the Multilayer Perceptron (MLP), Naive Bayes, and decision trees, specifically for discerning tooth characteristics linked to sex determination. Compared to its counterparts, the MLP algorithm emerged as the most effective, demonstrating the highest accuracy and minimal error margin. Furthermore, the integration of AI in DNA tracing using dentine and pulp samples exhibited commendable accuracy in determining sex within dental specimens. Of particular significance are canine teeth, which play a pivotal role in sex determination due to their robust physical attributes encompassing size, strength, and resistance against degeneration and periodontal issues. Dental structures provide a reliable source for DNA analysis, with AI models effectively discerning sexual dimorphism within canine dental formations. The impressive efficacy of AI methodologies, notably exemplified by the MLP algorithm, significantly surpasses conventional techniques, establishing an outstanding accuracy rate of 84%. Keywords: artificial intelligence, forensic dentistry, legal identity, sex determination
Exploring sexual dimorphism in canines of contemporary North Indian populations using machine learning algorithms
Objectives: Dentition is considered an excellent source for biological profiling in contemporary and archaeological populations with forensic anthropological, genetic, and dental perspectives. Dental dimorphism is well established and can be reflected in measurements and indices. The goal of this study is to use the discriminant function and receiver operating curve analysis to estimate sex and to make useful classification models for estimating sex based on the canine field of the mandibular and maxillary jaws. Materials and Methods: A total of six variables of the upper and lower canines (width of left and right canines and intercanine distances) were measured on 200 adult subjects of the contemporary Haryanvi population (M/F 100:100, 18–60 years) using digital sliding calipers and indices calculated. A discriminant function and receiver operating characteristic (ROC) analysis was applied on collected data using SPSS 21.0. Results: All variables were sexually dimorphic (p < 0.001). In stepwise analysis, maxillary intercanine distance provided an accuracy of 84%. In ROC analysis, maxillary intercanine distance emerged as an excellent variable with the maximum area under the curve (AUC) and the highest sexing accuracy (86.0%). Discussion: We proved the feasibility of employing machine learning to improve sex prediction. Probable causes of discrepancies in sex classification using different models are discussed. When applying models based on only canine teeth (without attachment to the tooth socket), forensic anthropologists and archaeologists should be more careful.
Modern technologies and artificial intelligence in archaeology and bioarchaeology
This paper discusses the importance of adopting and applying new technologies in scientific fields to increase the rate of progress. It emphasises the need for networking and multidisciplinary collaboration to apply technologies developed for other purposes to solve scientific or professional issues. The paper reviews modern technologies used in archaeology and bioarchaeology, including ground penetrating radar, LiDAR, drones, 3D printing, remote sensing, GIS, and portable X-ray fluorescence. It also presents modern technologies in bioarchaeology such as DNA analysis, stable isotope analysis, radiocarbon dating, microscopic analysis, CT and MRI, and proteomics. The paper introduces palaeoradiology, a branch of radiology that uses imaging technologies to examine bioarchaeological or even archaeological material, and discusses its importance in gaining knowledge about the health, lifestyle, and causes of death of past populations.
Biological affinities among Western Siberian forest-steppe groups in the Early Iron age based on dental non-metric data
The results of the study of the dental anthropology complexes of the population of the Sargat, Gorokhovo and Kashino cultures of the Early Iron Age in Western Siberia are presented. The study is based on the evaluation and statistical analysis of the frequencies of certain non-metric dental traits within each population. The source base of the study is 480 individuals from burials located in the Tobol, Ishim, Irtysh River regions, as well as on the territory of the Baraba forest-steppe zone. The aim of this study is to reconstruct the possible biological affinities between the Sargat, Gorokhovo and Kashino Cultures groups and Early Iron Age and Bronze Age tribes of Southern Urals and Western Siberia based of new dental non-metric data. The Sargat groups from the Tobol, Ishim and Irtysh regions and the Gorokhovo population reveal a weak biological affinity with the chronologically preceding population of Western Siberia of the Bronze Age. For the groups of these territories, the main component was introduced by the descendants of the carriers of the Petrovsky, Srubno-Alakul and Sintashta Cultures of the Southern Urals - the Savromats and Sarmatians. The affinities are especially strong among the Middle Sargat groups. Sargat population of Baraba demonstrated strong biological affinities to the local Late Bronze Age groups - the Fedorovo population and their descendants, Irmen Culture groups. Gorokhovo population reveals the same affinities as the Sargat groups. Relatedness between the Sargat and Gorokhovo groups and their contacts with the Sarmatians contributed to the convergence of their anthropological composition. Kashino Culture group is the most specific. Based on the results of study assumed divergence between Kashino and Sargat populations.
A review of pre-Hispanic dental decoration in Colombia and report of two new cases
A review of the subject in Colombia and two new cases are reported for this country. A comparison is made of the cases found in Colombia with others of the E1 type in Mesoamerica in times close to the year 1000 BP. The origin of this cultural practice in the region is discussed and it is concluded as a result of contacts with groups from the near Atlantic and Pacific coasts in earlier times.
Periodontal Disease on Individual GJL1.1 from Kotabaru, South Kalimantan, Indonesia
This article aims to describe the periodontal disease, particularly periodontitis, found on the skeletal remains of an individual dating from the Paleometallic period in Indonesia. The material used for this research is the individual skeletal remains from the Jauharlin 1 Cave site, Kotabaru, South Kalimantan, Indonesia, which lived during the period 1576 ± 15 BP (1410 cal. BP). The periodontitis condition data were collected through macroscopic observation of the maxillary and mandibular alveoli. The observation results showed a moderate level of periodontitis, especially in the alveoli of the maxillary anterior teeth. In addition, periapical voids were observed in the alveoli of the mandibular anterior teeth as well. The morphology suggests the possibility of a cyst developing into a chronic abscess or a hybrid periapical problem. The condition of periodontitis in the maxillary anterior teeth is thought to be caused by dietary factors. This suspicion was strengthened by a phytolith analysis of soil samples taken from the pelvic cavity of GJL1.1, which showed plant residues from the families/subfamily Arecaceae, Oryzoideae, Chloridoideae, and Musaceae. It is suspected that the plant residue was part of the GJL1.1 diet. Another factor that is thought to be the cause of periodontitis, including periapical voids, is the habit of betel quid chewing. Betel quid ingredients are thought to have triggered inflammation in the periodontal tissues. Consuming betel quid by holding the ingredients in the alveolar area of the right mandibular anterior teeth is thought to be the cause of inflammation in the periapical area.