Scientific Journal of Maritime Research - Pomorstvo
The Scientific Journal of Maritime Research - Pomorstvo is published by the University of Rijeka, Faculty of Maritime Studies, Croatia. The Journal aims to promote multidisciplinary approach within the complex field of maritime studies. Papers dealing with various aspects of nautical science, marine engineering, marine electrotechnology, shipbuilding, traffic, mobility, logistics, blue economy, marine and coastal protection, and maritime law are welcome. Interested in submitting to this journal? We recommend that you review Author Guidelines. Authors need to register with the journal prior to submitting or, if already registered, can simply log in and begin the five-step process.
University of Rijeka, Faculty of Maritime Studies
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Improving the accuracy of the oil spill model: A case study of the Hai Phong Sea area
Oil spill modeling is a crucial tool in marine environmental management, enabling early prediction and mitigation of pollution impacts on coastal ecosystems. This study presents a high-resolution oil spill simulation framework developed for the Hai Phong coastal region in northern Vietnam, where risks from maritime activities are significant. The proposed approach utilizes a Lagrangian particle tracking method to simulate the transport and dispersion of oil particles driven by wind, wave, and tidal forces. A hydrodynamic model underpins the simulation, with its input parameters systematically calibrated to improve accuracy. Model calibration was guided by widely accepted error assessment metrics, including Root Mean Square Error, Nash–Sutcliffe Efficiency, and Percent Bias. These indicators were used to iteratively refine the simulation until a satisfactory match with empirical observations was achieved. Unlike traditional models that often rely on static inputs, this study incorporates dynamic environmental forcing and applies adaptive calibration strategies, allowing for reliable forecasts even when the spill source is uncertain or data availability is limited. The model demonstrates strong predictive capacity during the critical early hours following an oil spill, highlighting its potential for integration into rapid-response systems. Overall, the framework contributes to advancing oil spill preparedness and response strategies in data-scarce coastal regions, supporting both ecological protection and maritime risk management.
Copyright (c) 2025 Van Cuong Do, Xuan Long Nguyen, Manh Cuong Nguyen, Trung Kien Do https://creativecommons.org/licenses/by-nc-nd/4.0
Evaluating Customer Satisfaction with Clearing and Forwarding Agents: A SERVQUAL Approach with Application to Kuwait Shuwaikh Port
This study investigated the influence of service quality on customer satisfaction with clearing and forwarding C&F agents using the SERVQUAL model. C&F agents play a crucial role in facilitating the clearance and delivery of goods for businesses, and their service quality is heavily dependent on port operations. This research employs a quantitative approach, using survey data from 397 customers of C&F agents in Kuwait to examine the relationship between service quality dimensions and customer satisfaction. This study analyzes the five SERVQUAL dimensions of tangibles, reliability, responsiveness, assurance, and empathy. Although the correlation analysis shows that all dimensions were statistically significant for customer satisfaction, the regression results reveal that assurance was not significant. Tangibles emerged as the most influential factor, followed by empathy, reliability, and responsiveness. This research contributes to the academic literature and practical industry knowledge by addressing the gap in understanding service quality dynamics in Kuwait’s C&F sector. The findings provide valuable insights for industry professionals seeking to enhance service quality and improve customer satisfaction. This study focused on Shuwaikh Port, but it establishes a foundation for future research across other ports and suggests the adoption of mixed-method approaches for a more comprehensive analysis. The results offer practical recommendations for improving C&F services and maintaining competitiveness in this vital sector.
Copyright (c) 2025 Ahmed Alsalfiti, Theo Notteboom https://creativecommons.org/licenses/by-nc-nd/4.0
Strategic Development of Logistics Distribution Centers in Port Hinterland Regions – A Case Study of Croatia’s Bakar Industrial Zone
This paper provides a systematic literature review regarding the strategic development of the logistics distribution centers in port hinterland regions, specifically on the Bakar Industrial Zone as a case study. The search of the ISI Web of Science database, combined with the research objective criteria, revealed a total of 17 key papers for the study. Based on the thematic relevance, the papers were grouped into six research clusters: General overview and background, Problem definition and conceptual framework, Optimization models and algorithmic approaches, Simulation and empirical studies, Supply chain integration and network optimization, and Sustainability and efficiency considerations. Cluster content analysis identified nine proposed strategic guidelines for sustainable development of logistics distribution centers: Infrastructure modernization and investment, Supply chain integration, Advanced optimization and algorithm adoption, Green and sustainable practices, GIS and digitalization integration, Uncertainty management via grey systems, Simulation and empirical validation, Continuous improvement and sensitivity analysis, and Integrated decision support systems. Together, these nine strategic guidelines advance the sustainable development of LDCs by ensuring the state-of-the-art infrastructure, integrated supply chain planning, advanced optimization and digital technologies, and adopting green practices to improve operational efficiency and reduce the impact on the environment. The above guidelines were implemented on the Bakar Industrial Zone case study, in order to improve infrastructure, harmonize regulations, attract investments and apply sustainable solutions.
Copyright (c) 2025 Marijan Brubnjak, Miljen Sirotić, Marko Paliaga https://creativecommons.org/licenses/by-nc-nd/4.0
Effect of Excessive Towing Load on The Motion and Tension Behaviour of 50,000 DWT Single Point Mooring System
Catenary Anchor Leg Mooring (CALM) systems are vital for offshore oil and gas operations to moor Tankers and transfer cargo. A common issue arises when Tankers exceed the mooring system’s design capacity, leading to shifts in the Single Point Mooring (SPM) coordinate. This study examines the structural integrity of a 50,000 DWT CALM-type SPM system under excessive mooring loads, simulating conditions with Tankers of 55,000, 75,000, and 100,000 DWT. The analysis follows API RP 2SK, DNV OS E301, ABS standards and includes three stages: (1) Hydrodynamic analysis to obtain the Response Amplitude Operator (RAO); (2) 3D coupled dynamic time-domain simulation to determine mooring line tension; and (3) Von Mises stress analysis of the Y-connection. Results show that increasing tow loads elevate mooring line tension, with the highest force found in Chain 1C under beam sea with a 100,000 DWT Tanker. The maximum stress occurs at the Y-connection in hole C facing the seabed, failing to meet safety requirements. These findings highlight the critical need for adherence to design load limits to ensure safe and reliable mooring system performance.
Copyright (c) 2025 Tuswan Tuswan, Adam Adam, Alfiy Alfatarizqi, Ahmad Fauzan Zakki, Berlian Arswendo Adietya, Zulfaidah Ariany, Aulia Windyandari https://creativecommons.org/licenses/by-nc-nd/4.0
Developing an AIS Big Data-Driven Framework for Ship Emission Monitoring in Ports
The rapid expansion of maritime transportation has significantly impacted air quality due to increased ship emissions. This study aims to develop a ship emission monitoring system utilizing Automatic Identification System (AIS) big data, with Tanjung Priok Port in Indonesia (ID TPP) as the case study. The system is designed to monitor and analyze ship emissions based on historical AIS data, providing actionable insights to mitigate environmental impacts. By integrating various data processing techniques, including data preprocessing, database development, sailing time and speed calculation, and emission estimation, this research provides a comprehensive framework for a ship emission monitoring system. The system can be implemented in ports through the development of an interactive web-based dashboard, enhancing the decision-making capabilities of port authorities and other stakeholders. The results demonstrate the system’s potential for effectively monitoring emissions and promoting sustainable maritime operations .
Copyright (c) 2025 Andi Wibisono, Achmad Riadi, Muhammad Taqiyyuddin, Muhammad Budiyanto, Dimas Muzhoffar https://creativecommons.org/licenses/by-nc-nd/4.0
The prediction of ship groundings: A review
Ship grounding is one of the most common and devastating maritime accidents. This article aims to present a retrospective review of models used to estimate the frequency of such incidents. Given the increasing growth of maritime traffic, this is the type of maritime accident that today’s modern science should better address and present modern solutions to minimize such accidents. Numerous grounding risk assessment models have been developed throughout the history of maritime research, contributing significantly to the reduction of ship grounding incidents. However, while research and related models on this topic are abundant, they are often unstructured and fragmented, lacking detailed and comprehensive analysis necessary to clearly identify key shortcomings and areas for improvement. A thorough search of relevant databases was conducted to better capture academic articles and general publications addressing the estimation of ship grounding frequency. Using the bibliographic mapping capabilities of the VOSviewer software, the study identified research clusters related to grounding issues. The inclusion of bibliometric analysis enhances this article by providing a comprehensive overview of the literature and highlighting the researchers who have made the most significant contributions to the development of ship grounding assessment models—thus laying the groundwork for future advancements.
Copyright (c) 2025 Stipe Galić, Zvonimir Lušić, Saša Mladenović https://creativecommons.org/licenses/by-nc-nd/4.0
Analytical Control of the Mass of Injected Fuel into Diesel Engine Cylinder
In real operating conditions, the engine indicator diagram is the most common source of data for analyzing its current technical condition. Despite this, it is not possible to determine all diagnostic parameters directly from it, for example, the mass of fuel injected into the cylinder. To determine the fuel supply, it is possible to use the calculation of heat release in the cylinder or by solving a system of differential equations describing the working process in the cylinder. However, in those cases, the approximate value of the average temperature of the cylinder walls is unknown, as well as which of the empirical formulas for calculating the heat transfer from the gases to the cylinder walls should be used. Therefore, an additional method for calculating the mass of fuel injected into the cylinder was developed, in which the actual working process, under certain assumptions, was represented by a calculated cycle with isochoric and isobaric sections of fuel combustion. As a result, two systems of algebraic equations were compiled, the solutions of which can be used to find the mass of injected fuel. During the research, the process of solving equations was modernized, which allowed for a significant increase in accuracy.
Copyright (c) 2025 Oleksiy Yeryganov, Vladyslav Kyrnats, Alexey Popovskyi; Vitalii Gunchenko, Vladymyr Glebov, Oleksiy Melnyk https://creativecommons.org/licenses/by-nc-nd/4.0
Cybersecurity Applications in the Maritime Industry: A Scientometric Approach
The maritime industry, which holds significant importance for international logistics operations and global trade, is increasingly exposed to cybersecurity risks in this era of accelerating digitalization. In this context, cybersecurity research conducted within the maritime sector is crucial in maintaining international trade, preventing economic losses, and effectively managing global supply chains. In this regard, the primary objective of this study is to examine research on cybersecurity applications in the maritime field using the scientific mapping method and to identify prominent topics and themes. Accordingly, a search was conducted in the Web of Science database using maritime-related keywords in combination with the terms “cybersecurity,” “cyber risk,” “cyber threats,” or “cyber risk management.” Covering the period from 2014 to December 2024, including early-access publications slated for 2025, 248 studies incorporating maritime concepts and these cybersecurity-related terms were analyzed using the R programming language. The analysis results indicate that research in this field began in 2014 and that there has been a notable increase in the number of studies conducted since 2018. The findings reveal that the most frequently used keywords in this field include “model,” “cybersecurity,” “performance,” and “safety.” Additionally, the Journal of Marine Science and Engineering stands out as the journal that has published the highest number of studies and received the most citations in this domain. The top three countries with the highest number of publications in this field are Norway, the United Kingdom, and the United States, respectively. Furthermore, the prominent thematic focus identified in the research is collision-avoidance navigation. These findings are significant for researchers, policymakers, and practitioners, as they also contribute to developing recommendations for future studies.
Copyright (c) 2025 Burcu YILMAZ https://creativecommons.org/licenses/by-nc-nd/4.0
Environmental Ageing of Structural Materials in Shipbuilding and Marine Engineering – A Review
The mechanical properties of structural materials in shipbuilding and marine engineering are significantly affected by environmental stressors such as corrosive environments, UV radiation, and chemical treatments, all leading to material degradation. This review examines nearly 1,000 studies published between 2015 and 2025 to reveal key trends in the research on the impact of environmental factors on material degradation. The review has two parts. The bibliometric review maps the structure of academic research and identifies patterns and trends, while the critical review provides research gaps and future research directions. Specifically, the study highlights that UV-C radiation accelerates surface embrittlement and strength loss in polymers, while chlorination promotes localized corrosion in stainless steels, notably AISI 316. A critical gap was identified in the limited research on combined environmental stressors, despite their real-world relevance in marine environments. The findings highlight the need for a multidisciplinary study of the interplay of various environmental effects on marine materials and structures. Also, there is a certain lack of long-term studies in the natural marine environment. Additionally, attention should be paid to the behavior of modern materials (composites, additively manufactured materials) to allow their faster uptake in the maritime industry.
Copyright (c) 2025 Marko Kopic, Benjamin Mihaljec https://creativecommons.org/licenses/by-nc-nd/4.0
Analysis and Management of Human-Based Risks in Ship Operations with Fuzzy FMEA and Fuzzy DEMATEL Methods
The operations carried out on ships, which bear most of the world trade load and constitute the fundamental element of maritime commerce, involve many risks. In today’s context, the concept of risk has evolved into the assessment of risk, and various methods have been developed to reduce or eliminate risks. In this perspective, the objective of the study is to identify and assess human errors, a major risk factor in accidents occurring in ship operations, through an integrated fuzzy approach, and manage them accordingly. By emphasizing the inherent risk in the nature of the human factor in maritime operations, this study makes a noteworthy contribution to maritime literature by identifying human-based risk factors using Fuzzy FMEA and Fuzzy DEMATEL methods. Although FMEA and DEMATEL methods are widely used in risk assessment in literature, there are limited number of research integrating Fuzzy Logic into these methods. Therefore, this study holds importance in presenting human-based risk factors through two different methods and highlighting the impact of the human factor in ship operations, which inherently involve risks.
Copyright (c) 2025 Mert Susoy, Murat Yorulmaz https://creativecommons.org/licenses/by-nc-nd/4.0
Offshore Wind Energy Potential: Assessing Capacity Factor and Electricity Generation in Montenegro
Montenegro, as a signatory to international agreements, is committed to reducing CO₂ emissions and achieving full decarbonization by 2050. To meet these environmental goals, the country must permanently shut down the coal-fired thermal power plant in Pljevlja. This study assesses the potential electricity generation capacity of an offshore wind farm in Montenegro using 15 MW wind turbines at a location identified in prior research. Two offshore wind farm technical capacity criteria are applied: one defined by the World Bank (WB), specifying a capacity of 3 MW/km², and another by the National Renewable Energy Laboratory (NREL) under the U.S. Department of Energy, specifying 5 MW/km². The study also examines two operational scenarios of Montenegro’s electricity system. Results show that a fixed-bottom offshore wind farm in an area of 88,438 km², with sea depths up to 60 meters, could generate 55,71% of the electricity produced by the Pljevlja plant based on WB criteria, or 92,86% based on NREL criteria. For depths over 60 meters, a floating offshore wind farm in 678,16 km² could generate 4,22 times the electricity output of the Pljevlja plant based on WB criteria, or 7,04 times its output based on NREL criteria.
Copyright (c) 2024 Miloš Bogdanović, Špiro Ivošević https://creativecommons.org/licenses/by-nc-nd/4.0
Modified Floater of Heaving Device Wave Energy Converter (WEC): An Experimental and Numerical Study
Indonesia has a population nearing 300 million and an electricity consumption of 1,285 kWh per capita. However, Mentawai Waters which is surrounded by wave energy potential, still has 23 out of 43 villages off-grid. This study examines energy extraction in Mentawai Waters using a Wave Energy Converter (WEC) with a heaving device mechanism. It focuses on measuring heaving motion, and excitation force, and calculating power and energy production. The heaving WEC device type is selected for its suitability with the local environmental characteristics. The most important of which are wave heights reaching 2.3 m and periods reaching 8.3 s. A combination of experimental testing using the Towing Tank Laboratory and numerical methods with the Boundary Element Method (BEM) is used to optimize the results. The tests focus on six variations of floater diameters ranging from 23 to 33 cm, under wave heights of 0.04 to 0.08 m, with wave periods ranging from 0.6 s to 2.6 s. Both methods indicate that the 29 cm diameter (Floater Type 2) is the most optimal variation, with an average mechanical power output of 446 watts, which is 26.17% higher than Floater Type 1. At a 1:1 scale, an array of 10 Floater Type 2 WECs, with a maximum annual energy output of 35,226 kWh, confirms the point absorber as a suitable WEC type for Mentawai Waters, capable of illuminating key areas, including public facilities.
Copyright (c) 2024 Dendy Satrio, Febri Budihantono, Mohammad Farid, Nik Ahmad Ridhwan, Maktum Muharja, Muhammad Luqman Hakim, Tuswan, Dandun Mahesa Prabowoputra, Fuad Mahfud Assidiq, Wahyu Nur Fadilah https://creativecommons.org/licenses/by-nc-nd/4.0
A Long-Term Experimental Study on Evaluating Corrosion Currents in Reinforced Concrete for Marine Structures
This study investigates the corrosion currents in four reinforced concrete mixes—SL (cement replacement of 50% slag), FA (cement replacement of 20% fly ash), T1 (cement replacement of 50% slag and 20% fly ash), and T2 (cement replacement of 20% fly ash and 8% silica fume)—using an electromigration method to accelerate chloride transport and initiate corrosion within weeks/months. The corrosion propagation was monitored over 1600 days using electrochemical techniques such as Linear Polarization Resistance (LPR), Electrochemical Impedance Spectroscopy (EIS), and Galvanostatic Pulse (GP) measurements. The study evaluated how the composition of the concrete mixes and reservoir length influenced corrosion, by testing both binary mixes (SL and FA) and ternary mixes (T1 and T2). The results show that the LPR readings, which uses prolonged polarization, generally produces higher corrosion current values than GP readings, offering a dynamic view of corrosion but greater variability. The binary mixes with slag (SL) or fly ash (FA) exhibit higher corrosion currents, while ternary mixes, especially those containing fly ash and silica fume (T2), show reduced corrosion currents, suggesting improved resistance. The larger reservoir length contributed to higher corrosion currents, highlighting the critical influence of exposure conditions, concrete mix composition, and measurement techniques in evaluating corrosion. This underscores the importance of considering these factors collectively when assessing the durability and long-term performance of concrete in corrosive environments.
Copyright (c) 2025 Kazi Naimul Hoque, Francisco Presuel-Moreno https://creativecommons.org/licenses/by-nc-nd/4.0
Systematic Review of Port Choice Criteria for Evaluating Port Attractiveness Determinants (Part II): Introducing the PACS Model/Tool
This paper serves as the continuation and conclusion of the systematic literature review (SLR) conducted in Part I, which focused on bibliometric and content analysis to explore port attractiveness. In this Part II, two key objectives are pursued: first, to identify and list the items that evaluate the nine Port Attractiveness Determinants (PADs), which were thoroughly discussed in Part I. Second, this Part II introduces the Port Attractiveness and Customer Satisfaction (PACS) Model/Tool, as outlined in the earlier part of the study. This holistic conceptual framework, developed specifically for port attractiveness, represents the culmination of this two-part study by providing a structured approach that consolidates the diverse criteria identified in studies on port choice, port selection, and port competitiveness. Based on a manual screening of 87 references—obtained through an SLR process and published between 1970 and 2022—116 attributes were identified and analyzed to evaluate the nine PADs. By addressing a significant framework gap in the literature, the PACS Model/Tool integrates theoretical rigor with practical applicability. Its core pillars are adaptable and contextualizable, allowing for application in other complex territorial contexts, such as train stations, airports, municipalities, regions, or nations. Ultimately, the goal of this study’s findings, through its two components—Part I and Part II—is to contribute to the advancement of academic knowledge on port development strategies while equipping decision-makers with actionable tools to tackle multifaceted challenges across diverse territorial settings.
Copyright (c) 2025 Abdelhamid ADARRAB, Mohamed Mamad https://creativecommons.org/licenses/by-nc-nd/4.0
Assessing the impact of China's trade policy uncertainty on the dry bulk shipping freight rates
The impetus for our research lies in the multifaceted and pivotal role of China in the dry bulk market, encompassing its positions as a leading global exporter, a dominant shipbuilder, and a major shipowner. However, the effects of uncertainty arising from trade policy and particularly Chinese trade policy (CTPU) on the dynamics of the dry bulk market have remained unexplored by empirical studies. This study addresses this gap by analyzing the impact of CTPU on the Baltic Dry Index (BDI), a key indicator of international trade and the global economy. Performing the Granger causality test and the impulse response function, we demonstrate a decline in sea-transportation demand and cost in the dry bulk market due to a spike in CTPU, yielding results consistent with option theory. This effect is observed across all BDI sub-indices and lasts approximately one year, by the end of which the markets fully recover. By developing artificial neural networks, we effectively avoid in-sample bias and underscore the out-of-sample predictability of CTPU on BDI, establishing it as a key determinant of the latter. Based on our findings, we propose strategies for various maritime stakeholders and supply chain managers to maximize profitability and enhance operational efficiency in transportation.
Copyright (c) 2025 DIMITRIS Georgoulas, Stratos Papadimitriou https://creativecommons.org/licenses/by-nc-nd/4.0
Design of a Conceptual Underwater Wireless Communication System Integrating Electromagnetic and Optical Technologies
Underwater wireless communication is pivotal for advancing maritime technology, supporting applications such as underwater exploration, autonomous underwater vehicles (AUVs), diver communication, search-and-rescue operations, and military systems. Traditional acoustic communication systems, while effective over long distances, are constrained by low bandwidth and high latency, limiting their suitability for data-intensive operations. Electromagnetic (EM) and optical communication technologies offer promising alternatives, providing higher data rates, greater bandwidth, and lower latency, but face challenges such as signal attenuation, scattering, and environmental interference. To address these challenges, this paper explores the potential of an integrated wireless communication and navigation system combining EM and optical technologies. Initial experimental measurements of EM wave propagation in freshwater provided valuable insights into signal attenuation and frequency-dependent performance, demonstrating the feasibility of overcoming attenuation in such environments. Building on these observations, this paper proposes a conceptual system comprising three interconnected segments: a space segment utilizing the Galileo High Accuracy Service (HAS) for precise GNSS signals, a waterline segment processing and transmitting GNSS-like signals, and an underwater segment facilitating navigation and communication for divers and AUVs. Preliminary findings highlight the potential of combining EM and optical technologies for reliable, near real-time underwater wireless communication. Future work will focus on extending functionality, validating the system in saltwater environments, and refining the design for practical deployment.
underwater transceiver and antenna design
Copyright (c) 2024 Damir Brdar, Nikola Lopac, Andreas Lesch, Irena Jurdana https://creativecommons.org/licenses/by-nc-nd/4.0
Centrality measures and competitive positioning of North Adriatic cruise ports
The article examines the competitive positioning of cruise ports in the North Adriatic Sea cruise network using network analysis and centrality measures such as degree, betweenness, closeness, and eigenvector centrality. The study provides insights into the dynamics of the cruise industry, particularly in the region and its connection to the Mediterranean. The hypothesis states that ports with higher centrality scores have a stronger competitive position and attract more cruise traffic, leading to greater economic benefits. The aim of this study is to determine how centrality measures can reflect the strategic positioning and operational efficiency of North Adriatic cruise ports. The purpose is to offer a data-driven approach to evaluate cruise port connectivity and competitiveness, assisting port authorities and cruise operators in optimizing itineraries and enhancing regional cooperation. Results show that Zadar ranks highest in degree and eigenvector centrality, indicating robust incoming connections, while Venice leads in outdegree centrality, highlighting its role as a primary departure hub. Corfu serves as a critical transit port in betweenness centrality, facilitating connections across the Mediterranean. The study identifies “predator” ports like Venice that act as major departure points from popular destination ports like Piraeus and Barcelona. Findings confirm that integrating centrality measures into competitive analyses is crucial for sustainable growth in the cruise sector and optimizing cruise itineraries.
Copyright (c) 2024 Vivien Lorenčič https://creativecommons.org/licenses/by-nc-nd/4.0
Unveiling Investor Sentiment's Impact on Dry Bulk markets
Our research focuses on the maritime industry, specifically the dry bulk market, contributing to the emerging research agenda regarding the influence of financial markets on the real economy. Motivated by the documented relationship between the Baltic Dry Index (BDI) and financial markets, we study how different types of investors’ sentiment in the US stock market influence the BDI. Employing Granger causality tests and impulse response functions, we examine how investors’ confidence and ensuing liquidity in both the US maritime and the broader US stock markets impact corporate decisions related to freight rates and secondhand vessel investments. Our findings highlight the critical role of investor sentiment for stakeholders in the dry bulk market and the significance of the BDI in shaping traders’ investment in the US capital market. Additionally, by comparing our results with previous studies, we provide fresh evidence regarding the identity of traders in the maritime capital market. We also employ Long Short-Term Memory (LSTM) neural networks to establish the out-of-sample predictive power of our sentiment proxies, positioning them as novel BDI determinants. The results provided align with signal theory, challenge the efficient market hypothesis, and offer valuable insights for optimizing profitability and fostering economic sustainability in various industries.
Copyright (c) 2024 DIMITRIS GEORGOULAS, Stratos Papadimitriou https://creativecommons.org/licenses/by-nc-nd/4.0
Maritime Stakeholders’ Insights on Maritime Education and Training in the Autonomous Shipping Era. A Small-Scale Study in Spain
Recent advancements in telecommunications, computing and sensors are driving ships to become increasingly more autonomous. Despite concerns about the decline in the number of seafarers and maritime jobs, this new trend is expected to be an opportunity for the creation of new businesses and roles requiring highly skilled crews and operators. Maritime Education and Training (MET) must evolve by updating curricula, incorporating new topics and upgrading teaching methodologies while maintaining compliance with the STCW (Standards of Training, Certification and Watchkeeping) Convention. This article aims to analyse maritime stakeholders’ perceptions of this emerging topic, contributing to the conceptualisation of the new MET framework in Spain through a small-scale study. Questionnaires were run to gather opinions about the new topics, skills and competences that future seafarers should acquire in their education. The results reveal an ongoing and open debate regarding the preparation of future maritime professionals and the recognition that changes are necessary in the framework to integrate Maritime Autonomous Surface Ships (MASS) into maritime curricula. This need for adaptation is further emphasised by the development of new courses by the European Maritime Safety Agency (EMSA) and the International Maritime Organization (IMO).
Copyright (c) 2024 CRISTINA CAMPOS TORESANO, Marcella CASTELLS-SANABRA, CLARA BOREN https://creativecommons.org/licenses/by-nc-nd/4.0
The importance of entrepreneurship for the maritime sector and the tendency of maritime students to be “maripreneurs”
The possibility that technological advances may replace human power and lead to unemployment is one of the most debated issues in all sectors, including maritime. While some studies argue that this will not lead to unemployment but to a shift in the skills expected of workers, others insist that the probability of unemployment is high. Assuming that the second option is realized, it will be necessary to take some measures to create new jobs for laid-off workers. One of these measures could be to train people to have an entrepreneurial mindset, as entrepreneurship plays a key role in creating new jobs and thus increasing employment. In this study, the entrepreneurial tendencies of maritime students were investigated to see their potential to become entrepreneurs. For this purpose, the entrepreneurial orientation scale developed by Bolton and Lane was applied to 268 students at a maritime university. The data evaluated with the R program shows that the students have above-average risk-taking, proactiveness, and innovativeness skills which are important for entrepreneurship, thus they have the potential to become entrepreneurs or intrapreneurs if appropriate entrepreneurship education is provided.
Copyright (c) 2024 Pinar Ozdemir https://creativecommons.org/licenses/by-nc-nd/4.0
Automated Drag Optimization of a Torpedo Shaped AUV Using B-spline and Genetic Algorithm
Torpedo-shaped autonomous underwater vehicles (AUV) offer versatile capabilities such as surveying underwater environment, collecting data, performing inspections and even assisting in search and rescue operation. However, their design still attract the attention of manufacture due to the various parameters that affect the final shape. This article aims to optimize the shape of a torpedo-shaped (AUV) through the utilization of B-splines for shape representation and the application of genetic algorithms for form optimization, in which the main objective is to minimize the drag. The automated optimization procedure uses minimum control points to form the nose and the tail of the AUV whereas the cylindrical part remain unchanged. To evaluate the performance, the computational fluid dynamics (CFD) model as high fidelity model is used and it is calibrated for a DREA type UV. The overall strategy presents a drag reduction about 19 %.
Copyright (c) 2024 Ibrahim AYAD, Tahar NATECHE, Benameur HAMOUDI, Mahfoudh CERDOUN, Mohammed HADJ MELIANI, Abdellah MOKHTARI https://creativecommons.org/licenses/by-nc-nd/4.0
Analysing the Financial Ratios of the Companies in the Maritime Industry with Multivariate Statistical Techniques
This study aims to glance at the shipping sector in terms of financial ratios. To this end, 23 financial ratios were collected from each of the 223 companies worldwide and examined by factor analysis. Seven factors were spotted explaining 85% of the total variance. Subsequently, multidimensional scaling was conducted to analyse the sector on these seven factors. The findings demonstrate profitability ratios as the biggest source of variability and as the reason for the differences among companies. The findings also show that the profitability ratios can be used for monitoring, early warning or decision making purposes for the shipping sector.
Copyright (c) 2024 EMRAH AKDAMAR https://creativecommons.org/licenses/by-nc-nd/4.0
Analysis of the impact of daylight on grounding and collision accidents
It is crucial to conduct accident investigations in order to identify the root causes and prevent further accidents in the future. Investigations have revealed that the number of accidents occurring at night is greater than during the day, and that they have a more significant impact. The difference in the number of accidents and their causes between day and night is a critical issue that requires attention. This study examined the distinct differences in accident times between the Straits of Canakkale and Istanbul. These straits have considerable maritime traffic both day and night, which increases the potential for accidents. The aim of this study is to analyze the accident times in the Istanbul and Canakkale Straits in terms of ship watches. Between 2001 and 2016, 451 grounding and collision accidents occurred in the straits. The accident data were analyzed using SPSS and the chi-square test. The analysis of the data shows a significant difference in the number of accidents between night watches and day watches, with night watches having more accidents. The tests showed that this difference was statistically significant.
Copyright (c) 2024 Ayyüce YURT, Selçuk Nas https://creativecommons.org/licenses/by-nc-nd/4.0
Comparative Analysis of the Dominant Models of Coastal Guard Structures in Europe with Access to Semi-Enclosed Seas
The paper presents different models of the organizational functioning of the coast guards of European countries with access to semi-enclosed seas. It analyses the Coast Guards of the Republic of Italy, the Republic of Greece, and the Kingdom of Norway with respect to different functional organizational models. Special attention is paid to the organizational structure and operations of the Coast Guard of the Republic of Croatia. The paper also explores and analyses the management model of the Coast Guard of the Republic of Croatia in the context of operational efficiency in protecting rights and interests in the maritime areas of the research geographical region, the semi-enclosed Adriatic Sea - eastern part. A comparative analysis of the considered coast guards is presented.
Copyright (c) 2024 Tomislav Sunko, Serdjo Kos, Ivona Balić Dorić , Ante Sršen https://creativecommons.org/licenses/by-nc-nd/4.0
Assessment of the Effectiveness of Conventional Rudder against Fish Tail and Tubercle Rudders at Various Angles of Attack
The development of maritime surface ships has become a significant topic in naval architecture due to the challenges posed by collisions and ship grounding. Special rudders, such as flaps and schilling rudders, are being developed to improve ship maneuverability and address carbon neutrality and environmental damage. Biomimicry, the study of replicating living/nature animals, aims to learn how to copy their systems, methods, forms, and structures, using them as eco-friendly and sustainable design solutions. Computational fluid dynamics (CFD) is increasingly used in ship hydrodynamics to simulate complex phenomena for rudder simulation. The effectiveness of rudder use is determined by analyzing drag and side force values, with various angles of attack from 0 to 30 degrees at operational speed 12 knots. The most effective side force to drag ratio is achieved when the rudder is tilted at an angle of 5 degrees. The fishtail and tubercle models have a more stochastic distribution, with the fishtail rudder having 5.1% more performance effectiveness than the conventional rudder. The biomimetic method can improve the performance of wing-like structures, as seen with the humpback whale operating in a marine environment similar to certain designed marine systems.
Copyright (c) 2024 sutiyo, Prima Ihda Kusuma Wardana, I Ketut Aria Pria Utama https://creativecommons.org/licenses/by-nc-nd/4.0
Greenwashing or sustainable environmental practices? The case of cruise tourism
Cruise tourism is a highly environmentally damaging form of tourism, causing various environmental degradation. This study aims to characterise cruise tourism, frame it technically and legally within international legal instruments, particularly concerning environmental policies and practices, and assess if companies' sustainability measures are steps towards sustainability or greenwashing practices. These practices are operationalised to respond to the demands of public opinion and an increasingly demanding demand in these matters, the so-called green consumers. To achieve these objectives, a comprehensive range of qualitative and quantitative data was gathered and analysed. As conclusion, cruise lines have made significant changes towards the sustainability commitments established by international organisations and the public. Nevertheless, due to their distinctive characteristics, dimensions, and intricacies, there is still a dearth of technological and logistical alternatives that are commensurate with the scale of cruise ships, despite the advancement that has been made in this direction.
Copyright (c) 2024 Mónica Brito, Luís Silveira, Mirjana Kovačić https://creativecommons.org/licenses/by-nc-nd/4.0
The effect of economic policy uncertainty and geopolitics on LNG freight rates across different market conditions
This paper examines the effects of economic policy uncertainty and geopolitics on LNG freight rates under different market sentiments, employing Markov – switching Vector Autoregressive (MS-VAR) models. Considering the crucial role of diversification and security of energy supply, we aim to fill this gap in the literature, referring to the transportation cost of LNG. Economic policy uncertainty impacts in a negative way the freight rates in the USA-China trading route and increases the freights at the USA-Europe trading route despite the market conditions. We found that the effect of a shock on National security index is more pronounced at the USA-Europe route. A shock on Geopolitical indices creates an upward trend in the freight rates for both routes under bullish market conditions, which is more intense in the USA-Europe trading route. Our results bear significant implications for both shipowners and charterers related with the LNG trade. This article is a revised and expanded version of the respective research which presented at the International Association of Maritime Economics (IAME) 2024 annual co nference, Valencia, in June 2024.
Copyright (c) 2024 Christos Bentsos, Dionysios Polemis https://creativecommons.org/licenses/by-nc-nd/4.0
Seakeeping Performance of Warship Catamaran under Varied Hull Separation and Wave Heading Conditions: An Integrated Numerical and Experimental Studies
Seakeeping criteria significantly impact ship aspects like speed loss, operational optimization, and structural integrity. This study integrated experimental and numerical methods to evaluate the seakeeping performance of an asymmetrical hull with varying hull separations and wave headings. Experimental Fluid Dynamics (EFD) tests were conducted in a towing tank with irregular waves and a Pierson-Moskowitz spectrum. Concurrently, numerical simulations using the Boundary Element Method (BEM) computed Response Amplitude Operators (RAO) for heave, pitch, and roll motions. The numerical mesh demonstrated a high degree of agreement between RAO peak values from BEM simulations and experimental tests, with discrepancies between 1% and 5%, indicating BEM’s precision in predicting ship responses to wave conditions. The analysis demonstrates that wave heading significantly influences the heave, pitch, and roll motions of the catamaran, with beam seas (90°) presenting the most severe conditions for heave and roll, while head seas (180°) lead to the largest pitch motions. Optimal performance is observed at a separation-to-length (S/L) ratio of 0.4, which minimizes excessive motion across various wave headings. The analysis indicates that while both S/L and wave heading influence vessel motions, the impact of wave heading is more pronounced, with optimal S/L values varying based on specific wave angles. Overall, the findings underscore the critical relationship between hull separation and wave direction, indicating that larger S/L ratios contribute to improved seakeeping performance.
Copyright (c) 2024 Amalia Ika Wulandari, I Ketut Aria Pria Utama, Aries Sulisetyono, Baharuddin Ali, Putri Virliani, Erdina Arianti, Nurhadi Nurhadi, Mochammad Ali Mudhoffar, Anis Kurniati Arifah, Hardi Zen https://creativecommons.org/licenses/by-nc-nd/4.0
Zero-Shot Learning in Maritime Domain: Classification of Marine Objects using CLIP
Maritime security and monitoring are essential for global trade, environmental protection, and national defense. Traditional machine learning models have been effective in recognizing and classifying maritime objects, but their reliance on large, labeled datasets poses challenges, particularly in dynamic environments where new and unforeseen objects frequently emerge. This study explores the application of Zero-Shot Learning (ZSL) to the maritime domain, leveraging the CLIP model to classify maritime objects with minimal labeled data. A custom dataset comprising 1,438 images was used to evaluate the performance of various CLIP model variants. Our findings indicate that CLIP models, particularly the "clip-vit-large-patch14-336" variant, achieve high classification accuracy, with AUC values approaching 1.0 across most classes. However, challenges remain in handling rare or ambiguous classes such as cargo ships, where F2 scores suggest variability in recall and precision. Additionally, the study highlights the potential limitations of these models, including their dependency on dataset diversity and the risk of overfitting to specific data characteristics. The "clip-vit-large-patch14-336" model is identified as the most balanced and reliable option, offering a strong foundation for enhancing maritime situational awareness and supporting diverse maritime applications.
Copyright (c) 2024 Ivan Lorencin, Domagoj Frank, Damir Vusić https://creativecommons.org/licenses/by-nc-nd/4.0
Analysis of Maritime Transportation Sector Through Econometric Modelling in Case of Relationship Between Foreign Trade and Freight Transportation in Turkey
The primary objective of this study is to elucidate the influence of freight transportation on foreign trade within Turkey’s maritime sector. To achieve this goal, data spanning from 2013 to 2023, sourced from the Turkish Statistical Institute and the Ministry of Transport and Infrastructure's official websites, were utilized. The chosen econometric method for analysis was the time series approach. Economic expansion is depicted through the Industrial Production Index. This research incorporates five variables, all employed in logarithmic form (Export, Import, Volume, Handling, and Index). Unit root tests were employed to examine the stationarity of the series. Regression analysis was conducted utilizing the Ordinary Least Squares (OLS) method to ascertain the short-term direction of the relationship between the variables. The findings from the Toda-Yamamoto causality test align with those derived from OLS, affirming that within the maritime sector, sea freight transportation exerts a positive impact on foreign trade, particularly in the short term.
Copyright (c) 2024 Cemre Gürses, Dilek Temiz, Ömer Yurtseven, Zehra B. Kanık, Aytaç Gökmen https://creativecommons.org/licenses/by-nc-nd/4.0