Review of Croatian History is published once a year. Articles are published in English and other foreign languages. Publication of the journal is co-financed by the Ministry of Science and Education of the Republic of Croatia. The editors assume no responsibility for statements of fact or opinion made by contributors ARCHIVE EDITIONS
The copyright holders are the Croatian Institute of History (as the publisher) and the authors. The Review of Croatian History is an open-access journal. Its contents are freely accessible in their entirety. Users may read, download, copy, distribute, print, search, or put links to its material, and to change, reword, and process the material or use it in other legal ways, as long as they cite the original in the appropriate manner, in accordance with the Creative Commons licence CC BY-NC. Works published in the Review of Croatian History may be deposited in institutional or thematic repositories, as long as the appropriate links to the web pages of the Journal and Hrčak (central portal of Croatian scientific journals) are made available. The self-archiving policy is indexed in the Sherpa/RoMEO database, where it is visible that the journal allows the depositing of unreviewed (pre-print), reviewed (post-print), or publisher’s versions of the work.
A homage to agitprop: Ivo Goldstein, Povijesni revizionizam i neoustaštvo – Hrvatska 1989. – 2022 [Historical Revisionism, and Neo-Ustashism – Croatia 1989-2022] (Zagreb: Fraktura, 2023) or How to expose historian Goldstein’s ignorance and deceptions – A
Copyright (c) 2024 The copyright holders are the Croatian Institute of History (as the publisher) and the authors. https://creativecommons.org/licenses/by-nc/4.0/
Bosnia and Herzegovina as a community of three constitutive peoples on a confederate basis (on Croatian policies toward BiH during the Croatian War of Independence)
This work presents the issue of the Croatian policies towards Bosnia and Herzegovina (BiH) from 1990 to 1996. In regard to the sources required to form an understanding of and being able to contextualize the Croatian policies towards Bosnia and Herzegovina, it is important to single out the contents of the meeting held in the Office of the President of Croatia on May 11, 1993. On that occasion, President Tuđman spoke about “the problems relating to the Croatian-Muslim conflicts in Bosnia”, about continued existence of Bosnia and Herzegovina and about Bosnia and Herzegovina’s internal system of governance. The meeting was closed to the public and was held immediately after the Army of the Republic of Bosnia and Herzegovina (ARBiH) had launched an attack on the Croatian Defense Council (HVO) in Mostar. In the concluding segment of this work key facts about the role of the Republic of Croatia and Croats in the war in Bosnia and Herzegovina are laid out in chronological order. These facts should not be ignored in scholarly analyses about the Croatian policies towards Bosnia and Herzegovina during the period under discussion.
Bosnia and Herzegovina; Croatian policies; 1990 – 1996; Franjo Tuđman; Croatian – Muslim Conflict
Franjo Tuđman and the Croatian Community/Croatian Republic of Herzeg-Bosnia
This paper examines the role of Franjo Tuđman, President of the Republic of Croatia, in the establishment of Croatian communities in Bosnia and Herzegovina. The thesis posited is that, through his political views, Tuđman had a decisive influence on the founding of the Croatian Community of Herzeg-Bosnia and its policies. The establishment of this community took place within the broader framework of Tuđman’s thoughts on how to resolve the Yugoslav crisis or the relationship between Croatia and Serbia.
Franjo Tuđman, Bosnia and Herzegovina, Croatian Community of Herzeg-Bosnia, Croatian Republic of Herzeg-Bosnia
Towards a New Historical Geography: the possibilities of GIS-aided historical statistics and fine-scale, longue durée and supranational comparisons in Croatian history*
In the last decade a number of serial sources were processed by several research groups separately for the Medieval, Ottoman and Early Modern periods in Hungary. However, the structure of these allow them both to be integrated to each other and be visualized on maps with the aid of GIS-techniques. The character of these integrated databases thus allow researchers (1) to map and investigate territorial patterns, regional inequalities of different scale, (2) the temporal changes in territorial patterns and (3) to run multivariate statistics on bulk data. The success of the GISta Hungarorum in Hungary (www.gistory.hu, http://gistahungarorum.abtk.hu ) drove the different research groups to unify their forces and create a longue-durée, fine-resolution (settlement or parish-level) database for the Kingdom of Hungary (1330-2010) in order to analyze history from a different perspective and to help regional planning by assessing path dependency, drawing optimal landuse, etc. Furthermore, broadening the cooperation the investigation area was extended to Croatia for several time horizons to be processed in the future with the aid of Croatian colleagues involved in Hungarian projects (1330, 1500, Ottoman period, 1780s). This article of methodological focus introduces the first results of the joint work on Croatian examples – with the aim of giving a new perspective in historical geography and historical statistics.
hGIS, databases, longue durée, historical geography, quantitative analysis, regional inequalities in Croatia, 14-19th c.
Attempts of defamation of Croatia as antisemitic in the 1990s: False flag operation Labrador
On August 19, 1991, during the Greater-Serbian aggression on Croatia, two explosive devices were set and activated at the door of the Jewish Community Center and in the Jewish section of Cemetery Mirogoj in Zagreb. The terrorist act was a false-flag operation, later called Labrador, performed by the Yugoslav People’s Army Security administration, with aim of accusing Croatia of increased antisemitism and portraying Croatian authorities as “pro-fascist”. Croatian leadership strongly condemned the attack. They also expressed their solidarity and support for the Jewish community in Croatia by organizing and attending a protest rally.
False-flag operation; Labrador; Jews; Croatian authorities; Yugoslav People’s Army Security Administration; Radenko Radojčić; Mustafa Čandić
The Strength of Socialism is in Diversity!”: Mikhail Gorbachev’s Visit to Yugoslavia (March 14 – 18, 1988)
This article describes the visit of Mikhail Gorbachev, General Secretary of the Communist Party of the Soviet Union, to the Socialist Federal Republic of Yugoslavia in March 1988. Gorbachev spent five days in Yugoslavia, during which he visited three of its socialist republics. The introductory chapters provide an overview of the history of Soviet-Yugoslav relations, with a special focus on the period immediately preceding the visit, as well as a brief description of Gorbachev’s reforms and the international political situation of that period. The historical context of the visit and its various aspects and representations in the Soviet and Yugoslav press are analysed in the following chapters, with a detailed itinerary also being included. Special attention is given to various speeches by both the Soviet and Yugoslav functionaries, especially Gorbachev’s speech in the Assembly of the SFRY as well as the Soviet-Yugoslav Declaration. Finally, a brief overview of the reactions to the visit and its consequences is presented.
Mikhail Gorbachev; Soviet Union; Yugoslavia; communism; international relations
La « capitulation » de Stjepan Radić et l’échec de sa politique de coopération avec Belgrade
Après la création du Royaume des Serbes, Croates et Slovènes en décembre 1918 le président du Parti paysan croate Stjepan Radić devint le leader du mouvement national croate. Confronté à l’échec de sa politique obstructionniste, sans aide substantielle d’une puissance étrangère pour « affranchir le peuple croate » de la « tyrannie serbe », mis en prison pour avoir « conspiré avec les Soviets », en juillet 1925 il accepta finalement de coopérer avec « Belgrade », notamment avec ennemi politique et geôlier Nikola Pašić, le chef du Parti radical national. Arriver à une « paix » entre Croates et Serbes et consolider le royaume balkanique allié, ce fut également le souhait de la France officielle, dont le président du Conseil Édouard Herriot n’avait pas manqué d’user de son influence au sein de la presse de gauche pour promouvoir cette idée. Radić abandonna alors sa politique obstructionniste, reconnut la Constitution centralisatrice du Vidovdan, abjura le républicanisme, leva son opposition au service militaire, et entra même au gouvernement de Pašić comme ministre de l’Instruction publique. Cependant, ainsi Radić se révéla encore plus dangereux pour la caste politico-militaire serbe. Car non seulement le « trublion croate » gênait le fonctionnement du gouvernement, mais, au surplus, il tâchait d’élargir sa base électorale majoritairement paysanne aux dépens de celle de ses « partenaires » radicaux. En avril 1926, il fut invité à se retirer du ministère, et en janvier 1927 il mit fin à la coopération avec le Parti national radical. Son échec de s’implanter en Vieille Serbie l’amena à s’allier à un autre ancien ennemi mortel, Svetozar Pribićević, l’énergique Serbe ex-habsbourgeois, avec lequel il forma, en novembre 1927, la Coalition démocrate paysanne (SDK), formation qui regroupait la majorité des Croates et des Serbes de l’ancien royaume triunitaire. Le nouveau bloc des prečani fut la plus dangereuse force d’opposition dans la courte histoire du royaume, et il n’est guère surprenant que le roi Alexandre s’efforçât de le briser à tout prix.
Stjepan Radić, Royaume des Serbes, Croates et Slovènes, Croatie, Serbie, Yougoslavie, France
Alpenwelt – entdecken und erleben: Kurze Geschichte des Deutschen und Oesterreichischen Alpenvereins mit besonderem Fokus auf die mit Slowenen besiedelten Gebieten
Der vorliegende Beitrag beleuchtet die Hintergründe der Entstehung des Deutschen und Oesterreichischen Alpenvereins (DuOeAV), seine Struktur und Tätigkeiten und gibt einen kurzen Überblick über seine Sektionen auf die mit Slowenen besiedelten Gebiete. Er deckte nicht nur einen großen Teil des heutigen europäischen Raumes ab und hinterließ tiefe Spuren in der Alpenwelt. Der Verein, der aus dem Wunsch heraus gegründet wurde, die Alpenwelt den Menschen so nahe wie möglich zu bringen, blieb zumindest bis zum Ersten Weltkrieg dieser “alpinen” Sache treu. Der Anschluss Österreichs an Deutschland im Jahr 1938 dagegen führte zu seiner Umbenennung in Deutschen Alpenverein, was auch der Anfang vom Ende des Vereins und einen endgültigen Bruch mit diesem Standpunkt war. Seitdem diente er als Instrument der großdeutschen Politik zur Unterstützung der nationalsozialistischen Ideologie. Der Beitrag basiert auf einem Studium der Quellen des Vereins, insbesondere ihres wichtigsten Mitteilungsblattes Mitteilungen des Deutschen und Oesterreichischen Alpenvereins und der Zeitungen jener Zeit. In diesem Zusammenhang sind vor allem die lokalen Zeitungen zu erwähnen, insbesondere die des damaligen slowenischen Raumes.
19. Jahrhundert; Zeitungen; Deutscher und Oesterreichischer Alpenverein (DuOAV); Section Krain; Section Küstenland
Strategies for Disciplining Students in the “Old School” Practice in Croatia
The paper examines disciplining students in the conditions of the so-called old school practice. It is based on the analysis of primary and secondary sources, as well as available pedagogical documentation and literature of the subjected era: school laws and regulations, teaching and disciplinary levels, regulations, orders and instructions. The old school was temporally determined by relevant factors and characteristics. The connection between the social environment has been established: state-political organisation, economic status and orientation, social value systems, school system and circumstances with student discipline strategies. In school practice of the old schools repressive and incentive disciplinary strategies are identified and analysed. The following forms have been identified in the area of repressive educational strategy: emotional inconveniences, deprivation of mental pleasures, social isolation and various forms of corporal punishment. According to the school regulations of the time, the following corporal punishment was granted: standing behind or next to the desk, kneeling, flogging with a prescribed stick on the palms. However, the following unlawful corporal punishments were also recorded in school practice: standing on one leg, kneeling on bare knees on grains of food or sand, hitting with a club, ruler, book; slapping, hear or ear pulling, kicking with a leg, throwing to the ground. Incentive educational strategy was based on evoking emotional comfort and was realised through praise, recognition and awards. Praises were oral and written, and recognitions were awarded in the form of diplomas or different types of medals. The awards were also material: money, clothes and footwear, items of use value, books and school supplies. Also, the results of the research show that in imposing repressive and incentive measures, the following general educational principles were recommended: gradualness, appropriateness, consistency, impartiality, justification and openness (if a repressive measure yields results, it should be annulated). The identified and described strategies of school disciplining should be viewed within the described social, political, economic framework, as well as the then school opportunities and school system. However, it is significant that the recommended educational principles in imposing disciplinary measures also have elements of modernity.
disciplining strategies; old school; repressive strategies (corporal punishment); incentive strategies; history of pedagogy
Jews in the Political, Economic, and Cultural Life of Croatia at the End of the 19th and the Beginning of the 20th Century: The Example of Oskar Weiszmayer (1855–1931)
Drawing on literature, newspapers, and archival sources, this paper examines the life and work of Oskar Weiszmayer, one of the most recognizable members of the Jewish community in Croatia in the second half of the 19th and the first half of the 20th century. Elucidating his overall economic, cultural, social, and political activities in Osijek and Zagreb is an important contribution to a better understanding of the history of the Jews in Croatia.
Oskar Weiszmayer, banking, Jews, Osijek, 19th century, 20th century
Copyright (c) 2023 The copyright holders are the Croatian Institute of History (as the publisher) and the authors. https://creativecommons.org/licenses/by-nc/4.0/
A teacher in a Croatian village during the First World War and the interwar period - the example of Stanko Horvatin in Gračani (1913 - 1933)
The paper examines the life and work of Stanko Horvatin, the head teacher (principal) of the public/elementary school in Gračani, which changed its name several times during its existence. The central time frame covers the period from 1913 to 1933, when Horvatin was active in the Gračani area, but the paper also covers earlier and later phases of his life. On the basis of archive material, the paper analyzes various aspects of Horvatin's life, from pedagogical work at school, to social involvement, political positions and everyday existential problems in family life. Horvatin's biography clearly reflects the educational system and its influence on the life of a Croatian village during the First World War and the interwar period. The paper also shows the status of Croatian teachers in relation to the political changes and regimes they were exposed to, as well as the challenges they faced as a result. In a broader context, changes caused by modernization can be observed in the Croatian countryside of Northwestern Croatia during the researched period.
Stanko Horvatin; Gračani; school; education; Croatian village; First World War; Interwar era
Emigration of Korčulans to Brazil – Serious Calamity or Enticement to Emigration?
One of the most massive migrations of Croats in the period of the Kingdom of Serbs, Croats and Slovenes was the emigration of inhabitants from the island of Korčula to Brazil in 1925. This was reported by Franko Mirošević, who described the circumstances that generally encouraged the emigration of the population from Dalmatia, and indicated his suspicion that this emigration was the result of recruitment on part of shipping agencies in conjunction with corrupt officials. Consequently, this paper will address the question of whether this emigration was really the result of severe privation or was it recruitment that induced the population of Korčula to emigrate. Hitherto unused archival sources were analyzed to shed more light on this question. Furthermore, previous allegations regarding the date and number of emigrants, as well as the attitude of the state authorities towards the phenomenon of recruitment in the Kingdom of Serbs, Croats and Slovenes will be re-examined.
recruitment of emigrants, Emigration Commissariat, Fedor Aranicki, protection of emigrants, emigration from Korčula, Catalogue of emigrants, travel applications
Croatian and Slovak Political Catholicism and Clericalism in the Period Between the First and the Second World War
In this article, the presence and influence of clericalism on Croatian and Slovak political Catholicism between the two world wars is examined through a comparative analysis, based on some Croatian interwar Catholic periodicals, recent Croatian and Slovak historiographical studies, as well as studies by some foreign historians. Also, the focus of the research attention was on re-examining the causes of the findings. At the very beginning, the terms clericalism and political Catholicism are defined as key terminological determinants used later in the article. That is followed by a brief review of some peculiarities of the modern Croatian and Slovak nation genesis, as one of the variables that had great influence on the peculiarities of Croatian and Slovak society and political culture as a whole. The central part of the article analyses the development and activities of Croatian and Slovak interwar political Catholicism, primarily through political activities of the Croatian People's Party and the Slovak People's Party/Hlinka's Slovak People's Party. Finally, a comparison of similarities and differences between the Croatian and Slovak political Catholicism follows, with explanations of possible causes for such a situation, and a quantitative analysis of the presence and impact of clericalism on Croatian and Slovak interwar political Catholicism.
Catholicism; Clericalism; Croatia; Slovakia; Interwar era
The Basics of General Financial Science by Antun Ferdinand Albely. Knowledge Circulation and Digital Text Analysis of a Legal Textbook
This paper aims to present interpretations and modifications of the early 19th century legal and economic knowledge within A. F. Albely's The Basics of General Financial Science, a textbook which focuses on the aspect of public finances. Referencing his own work to other authors in this academic field, Albely participated in a disciplinary discourse which served as a hub for circulation of ideas. This paper's primary concern is revealing the sources of Albely's legal and economic knowledge and noticing modifications which occured in ideas between different texts. Digital text analysis, accessed at the web-available platform Voyant tools, will prove to be an important heuristic asset, as it will disclose textual environments of ideas appearing in the analysed texts. This approach will enable new interpretative possibilities in the investigative field of knowledge circulation, as it will employ results of digital text analysis in order to discern Albely's intellectual influences and give insight into an idea modification process.
financial science, Antun Ferdinand Albely, Joseph von Sonnenfels, digital text analysis
Re-Evaluation of the Barbarian and the Primitive in the (Pre) Avant-Garde
The heteroimage of the Southeast European semiperiphery was subjected for centuries to geopolitical stereotypes of the Slav, either as a noble savage, as in the works of Fortis and Herder in the 18th and 19th centuries, or as a political “powder keg”, as a Balkan barbarian in more recent perspective. In such a geopolitical imaginary, the Balkans were perceived (described) primarily negatively, representing not only an Oriental Other, but above all a European semi-Other, a barbaric and primitive “Other within” (Todorova). The image of the “noble savage” in the exotic vision, which sets the world in binary oppositions, is used and reinterpreted by the artists of the (pre) Avant-Garde. The movement's inherent impulse to resist and re-evaluate traditional aesthetics, history and institutions, as well as to transgressively redefine both the instances of authorship and the criteria for creating and evaluating artworks, is evident in the way barbarism and primitivism are used as counterparts to the bourgeois normative value system. Their artistic texts and performances have an inherent orientation towards the primitive and the barbaric, which are traditionally presented in opposition to Western culture and civilisation, i.e. the politics of globalisation. At the level of artistic transgression, this transposed “otherness” is treated as a dialogical opponent, an object of fascination and identification, and a site of appropriation of time. This article deals with the way the primitive and the barbaric were treated in the Yugoslav avant-garde, either in some collective undertakings (Zenitism, Surrealism) or in individual creations (Ujević, Krleža). This topic will be addressed in three steps: 1. in the context of reflections on literature as a response to geopolitical prejudices (stereotypes); more specifically, in the concepts of the centre (especially Eurocentrism), civilisation and primitivism; 2. in a consideration of the use of primitivism, barbarism and bohemianism as expressions of aesthetic and public (political) resistance to regulated social practises and value systems; 3. an interpretation of these phenomena in the context of either imaginary or actual literary and social transformations.
(Pre) Avant-Garde literature, Barbarian, Primitive, transfer of ideas, re-evaluation, social transformation
Croatian-Czech and Croatian-Slovak Literary Relations in Neo-Absolutism. Key points
Based on previous research, the author attempts to identify the key points for the research of Croatian-Czech-Slovak literary and cultural relations in the period of neo-absolutism (1852-1859). Citing relevant examples, he refers above all to the abundant correspondence of Croatian, Czech and Slovak intellectuals from that period, and to literary periodicals, which he regards as indicators of the mutual reception of the literary production of these three nations
neo-absolutism; Croatian-Czech cultural relations; Croatian-Slovak cultural relations; correspondence; literary magazines
Croatian Pedagogy in the 19th Century – the Transfer of European Pedagogical Ideas
The transfer of European pedagogical ideas and practices to Croatia during the 19th century, when the Croatian pedagogy was being established, could be observed at three basic levels: at the level of formal pedagogical education of teachers, at the level of scholarly texts on pedagogy and the level of studying and professional development abroad. Teachers had a pivotal role in the development of the practice and theory of pedagogy, which was important to them for the improvement of their teaching, as well as for their professional identity. For that reason, they were initiating publication of subject-specific journals, writing textbooks on pedagogy and translating European pedagogy classics to Croatian. The publishing activity of the Croatian Pedagogical-Literary Assembly had a major influence on the appearance of scholarly texts on pedagogy. Immediately upon its establishment in 1871, it initiated an editorial series Knjižnica za učitelje (Library for Teachers), within which 54 volumes were published by 1917, including the translations of the works by major pedagogy authors, such as Comenius (Didaktika, 1871, Informatorijum za školu materinsku, 1886, Velika didaktika, 1900), Spencer (Nauk ob uzgoju, 1883), Rousseau (Emil ili ob uzgoju, 1887-1889), Pestalozzi (Miroslav i Bogoljuba, 1891) and Rabelais (Misli o uzgoju, 1894). The Croatian Pedagogical-Literary Assembly also published a compilation of pedagogical textbooks by Stjepan Basariček – Uzgojoslovje (1880), Povijest pedagogije (1881), Obće obukoslovje (1882) i Posebno obukoslovje (1884). His textbooks were theoretically based on the works of the German pedagogue Johann Friedrich Herbart (1776-1841) and were used in teacher education schools, with some revisions and new editions, until the 1920s.
Pedagogy; Croatia; Croatian Pedagogical-Literary Assembly; 19th Century; Transfer of Ideas
The Reform of Elementary Education in Croatia in the 2nd Half of the 19th Century and Ivan Filipović
The reform of elementary education, which was implemented by Ban Ivan Mažuranić, was one of the most important reforms in the second half of the 19th century. Together with Ban Ivan Mažuranić, Ivan Filipović was one of the key people who prepared and implemented the school reform. In this paper I will show how Ivan Filipović, and his colleagues contributed to implementation of the school reform which started in 1870’s and enabled development of the modern education system in Croatia.
school reform; cultural transfer; secularization of the school system; Ban Ivan Mažuranić, Ivan Filipović; Croatia; the 19th century
The Enlightened Apology of the Latin Language by Marko Faustin Galjuf from Dubrovnik
In recent Enlightenment studies, a trend can be termed as the “classical turn” because it places a focus on the classical heritage as an integral part of the eighteenth-century culture. Interest in antiquity encompassed Greek and Roman literature, philosophy, and art, and Enlightenment thinkers were particularly fascinated and inspired by the rationalism, humanism, and civic virtues of the ancient world. Archaeological excavations in Italy supported the development of neoclassical style, experiencing a true revival with Rome as its centre. Countless translations of classical authors were in line with “the taste of the time”, and improvisations of poetry from contemporary languages into Latin were especially valued. The Piarist from Dubrovnik, Marko Faustin Galjuf (1765-1834), was one of the most renowned Latin improvisers of his time. He began his teaching career in Rome and later became politically and academically engaged in the pro-French Roman and Ligurian Republics. After the fall of Napoleon’s Empire in 1815, Galjuf fell out of favour due to his past. In 1833, he published an apology for the use of the Latin language titled Essay on the Fortune of the Latin Language (Specimen de fortuna Latinitatis), seeking a way to return to the unforsaken Rome under the rule of Pope Gregory XVI. This paper will explore the Enlightenment socio-cultural context of the creation and arguments of this forgotten but significant piece for the history of cultural patterns of that period. It will be argued that Galjuf’s intention for writing his apology was of an enlightened rather than a conservative nature.
Latin language; Enlightenment; cult of antiquity; universal language; Marko Faustin Galjuf
From Encouragement to Critique of Enlightened Absolutist Reforms: Nikola Škrlec Lomnički and His Views on the Reform of Local Administration in the Habsburg Monarchy
In this paper, the example of Nikola Škrlec Lomnički (1729 – 1799), a distinguished legal expert and public servant in Croatia during the era of enlightened absolutism, is used to posit that the dissemination of knowledge and ideas was not a linear progression, flowing solely from top to bottom. Rather, the experience of living and working within a specific political milieu significantly impacted political choices made by premodern public servants. Škrlec’s involvement in local administration and his writings directed towards higher authorities underscore that the introduction of progressive changes necessitated a confluence of both contemporary intellectual currents and influence from “below”. Such reforms needed to be firmly grounded in changes that were practicably feasible within a specific local political and social context. For understanding political history, resistance to change emerges as being equally valuable a phenomenon as alignment with enlightened ideas.
In Pursuit of Economic Emancipation: Legislative Framework of Women's Paid Work in Croatia and Slavonia
The aim of the paper is to explore the interaction between regulatory provisions governing the status of women, which were part of Croatia’s legal system as it developed in the period of history called the short 19th century (1848-1914). The Austrian General Civil Code, the Hungarian-Croatian Trade Code and Industry Act and the Croatian School Act constitute the backbone of the research. More specifically, the focus is on the provisions that enabled the economic emancipation of women in the context of guaranteed gender equality and access to education. Given the economic circumstances in the period under review, the opportunities as well as the restrictions faced by women in the labour market of the time, our intention is to ascertain whether and if so in what way the Austrian and Hungarian-Croatian acts, accompanied by Croatia’s autonomous legislative framework, influenced the process of transformation of the traditional understanding of the status of women in society.
economic emancipation; women; paid work; Austrian General Civil Code; Hungarian-Croatian Trade Code and Industry Act; Croatian School Act; Croatia and Slavonia
Parliamentary Debates and Freedom of Speech of MPs as Defined in the Rules of Procedure of the 19th Century Croatian Parliament and Other Parliaments - a Comparison
This paper presents different aspects of regulating parliamentary debate in the second half of the 19th century in the Croatian Parliament (Sabor) and other parliaments in a comparative discourse. This includes parliament's constituent session, preparation and course of parliamentary debate, MPs’ motions and interpellations, MPs’ freedom of speech, voting and adoption of conclusions. The analysis will be based on a comparison of the rules of procedure of the Croatian Parliament (1861-1918), the 1848 Frankfurt National Assembly (Frankfurter Nationalversammlung), the 1848 Imperial Diet in Vienna (Reichstag), the Imperial Council (Reichsrat), the Hungarian Parliament and parliaments of some German lands in the second half of the 19th century as well as a collection of precedents serving as a basis for the operation of the British Parliament (the so-called Westminster procedure) and the rules of the United States Congress. Moreover, acceptance and modification of individual aspects of the Westminster procedure or provisions in the procedural rules of other countries will be presented as examples suggesting that the transfer of ideas and practices in parliamentarianism in Croatia and other European countries in the 19th century should be viewed through the prism of multidirectional influence and creative receptions.
Rules of procedure; Croatian Parliament; European parliaments; US Congress: parliament’s constituent session; regulating parliamentary debate; MPs’ freedom of speech; 19th century
Parliamentary Immunity in the Kingdom of Croatia and Slavonia in the Second Half of the 19th Century and Its European Models
The paper discusses the development of the English model of parliamentary immunity, which was limited to non-accountability immunity, and the French model. During the revolutionary events in France at the end of the 18th century, the French model established a two-tier system that included both non-accountability and inviolability immunities. With the development of parliamentary systems during the second half of the 19th century, the French model was adopted throughout continental Europe, including Austria, Hungary, and the Kingdom of Croatia and Slavonia. This paper focuses on the Law on the Inviolability and Non-Accountability of the Parliamentary Members, issued for the Croatian Parliament on May 16, 1867, and its application, especially during the early years of the administration of Ban Khuen-Héderváry.
Parliamentary Immunity; English Model; French Model; Kingdom of Croatia and Slavonia; Law on the Inviolability and Non-Accountability of Parliamentary Members
THE LONG ROAD TO WAR, DIRECTED BY MILOŠ ŠKUNDRIĆ. (BELGRADE: PARADOX FILM, 2018)
Copyright (c) 2022 Copyright holders are the publisher Croatian Institute of History and the authors. https://creativecommons.org/licenses/by-nc/4.0/
IVO GOLDSTEIN, ANTISEMITIZAM U HRVATSKOJ OD SREDNJEGA VIJEKA DO DANAS [ANTI-SEMITISM IN CROATIA FROM THE MIDDLE AGES TO THE PRESENT] (ZAGREB: FRAKTURA AND THE “BET ISRAEL” JEWISH RELIGIOUS COMMUNITY IN CROATIA, ZAPREŠIĆ AND ZAGREB, 2022), 632 PAGES”
BACKGROUND AND CHRONOLOGY OF THE CRIMES COMMITTED BY THE ARMY OF BOSNIA AND HERZEGOVINA IN THE VILLAGE OF TRUSINA ON APRIL 16, 1993
The authors analyze events that have occurred in the municipality of Konjic throughout the March and April of 1993. Special emphasis was placed on crimes committed against the Croatian population of that municipality. In the early morning of April 16, 1993, Army of the Republic of Bosnia and Herzegovina (BiH) committed a war crime in the northern Herzegovinian village of Trusina, where 22 Croatian civilians and captured Croatian Defence Council (HVO) soldiers were killed. This crime was the result of a previously planned attack by the Army of BiH on the Croatian population and the HVO in the Konjic municipality, which began on April 14, 1993. The main attacking forces of the Army of BiH on the village Trusina on April 16, 1993, were members of the Zulfikar Special Purposes Detachment . They were under the direct command of the Supreme Command Staff (SVC) (i.e., General Staff of the Army of BiH) from their formation to just a few days before the crime in Trusina was committed. They have then become an integral part of the 1st Corps of the Army of BiH based in Sarajevo. As an integral part of the 1st Corps, members of the Zulfikar Special Purposes Detachment became the main perpetrators of a previously planned attack and war crime against the Croatian population of Trusina.
Trusina, war in BiH, Army of BiH, war crimes
POLITICAL CIRCUMSTANCES AND SECURITY SITUATION IN WESTERN SLAVONIA ON THE EVE OF THE GREATER-SERBIAN AGGRESSION IN 1991
Based on archival sources and relevant literature, this paper portrays political circumstances and security situation in Western Slavonia from 1989, that is, from collapse of the communist systems in Europe and destabilisation of Yugoslavia by the political leadership of the Socialist Republic of Serbia, up until August 1991 when the overt Greater-Serbian Aggression started in Western Slavonia. Democratic processes in Europe also seized western Yugoslav republics, Slovenia and Croatia. These republics advocated either the restructure of Yugoslavia as a confederal state, or their independence in case that the political agreement with other republics about common state system was not feasible. Conversely, Serbian political leadership’s goal, supported by pro-Serbian oriented leadership of the federal Yugoslav People’s Army, was to impose Yugoslavia as a centralized state under the domination of Serbs, as the most numerous Yugoslav nation. After this policy failed, Serbian leadership attempted to create Greater Serbia which would comprise all territories which Serbian leadership considered as historically and ethnically a Serbian territory. Among others, that also included Western Slavonia where a certain part of population were ethnic Serbs. Part of these Serbs, as well as ethnic Serbs in certain other parts of Croatia, supported by Belgrade, gradually commenced rebellion against the Croatian authorities. Insurgency was led by representatives of Serbian Democratic Party whose centre was in town Knin. In the first phase of destabilisation the emphasis was on the thesis that the Serbs were endangered in Western Slavonia, in order to radicalize as many as possible, which was successfully implemented, and finally led to terrorist actions culminating with the open aggression in Western Slavonia.
Republic of Croatia, Homeland War, Serbian rebellion, Western Slavonia, disintegration of Yugoslavia
WHAT VARAŽDIN HIGH SCHOOL STUDENTS KNOW AND THINK ABOUT FASCISM AND ANTI-FASCISM? ON OCCASION OF THE 80TH ANNIVERSARY OF THE PERSECUTION OF JEWS IN VARAŽDIN (1941-2021)
In this paper, the author presents the results of a survey conducted electronically from the beginning of March to the end of May 2021 among students of nine high schools in Varaždin on their knowledge and attitudes about fascism and anti-fascism. The survey consisted of 20 questions, and the answers were given by 356 students. This paper does not bring critiques or suggestions of the history curriculum for high schools, but presents some of its results. Special attention was paid to the events marking the 80th anniversary of the persecution of Jews in Varaždin (1941-2021), which were held during July 2021.
THE REPRESSION OF THE COMMUNIST REGIME IN YUGOSLAVIA AGAINST POLITICAL OPPONENTS IN THE SOCIALIST REPUBLIC OF CROATIA IN THE 1970S - THE EXAMPLE OF TOMISLAV DRŽIĆ'S GROUP
The paper analyzes the arrest and trial of a group of opponents of the communist regime in Yugoslavia in the mid-1970s in the Socialist Republic of Croatia, who were convicted of founding a terrorist organization that collaborated with Croatian anti-Yugoslav émigrés in the West. The verdict is compared with the investigative documents of the Yugoslav intelligence service, but also with the authorized record of the conversation that the author of this paper had with the first defendant Tomislav Držić in 2019. It is argued that this was a group of regime dissidents whose activity consisted of anti-regime conversations, writing anti-regime texts that were not disseminated, reading Croatian émigrés' propaganda materials and Držić's occasional contacts with émigré in Canada Stjepan Dubičanac, rather than a terrorist organization that could seriously shake the regime.
Faculty of Croatian Studies of the University of Zagreb, Zagreb, Croatia
THE FIRST WAVE OF ROCK'N'ROLL IN YUGOSLAVIA AND ITS IMPACT ON THE SOCIALIST YOUTH
By taking advantage of abundant literature that has been written on the subject, the paper aims to give an overview of the history of rock music in Yugoslavia from its introduction in 1956 to the mid-1970s, when the new wave emerged. It also intends to remind the reader of this topic's relevance and open possible new research questions for history and related fields. Particular emphasis will be placed on the impact that this musical, cultural, social, and political phenomenon had on the lives of Yugoslav and other socialist youth while highlighting the changes rock'n'roll brought to their lives, including opening up to Western cultural influences through new fashion, different forms of youth entertainment, new understanding and redefining of gender relations. Also, the paper will review the cooperation of Yugoslav rock musicians with the Eastern bloc musicians. Through the analysis of articles found in Džuboks, a youth music magazine deemed popular at the time. The paper will attempt to illustrate how the Yugoslav youth rock press helped shape the minds of young people. This paper intends to remind the reader of this topic's relevance and open possible new research questions for this and related fields.
rock, socialist youth, new fashion, gender relations, opening to the West, cooperation, youth music press