Kairos: Evangelical Journal of Theology [EN]
Kairos: Evangelical Journal of Theology is a Croatian A2 scientific journal (according to the Croatian Regulations on Requirements for the Appointment to Scientific Ranks) that addresses biblical, theological, and religious topics from the perspective of evangelical theology. It is published by the Biblical Institute in Zagreb in collaboration with the Evangelical Theological Seminary in Osijek. An article published in English in Kairos: Evangelical Journal of Theology is automatically translated and published in Croatian in Kairos: Evanđeoski teološki časopis.
The Biblical Institute; Evangelical Theological Seminary
T. C. Schmidt. Josephus and Jesus: New Evidence for the One Called Christ
Schmidt’s book not only makes a compelling argument for the authenticity of the Testimonium Flavianum, but it also makes a significant contribution to historical Jesus studies and our understanding of the historical events surrounding the arrest, trial, and execution of Jesus of Nazareth, and also regarding the testimonies of early Christians about his resurrection. I highly recommend it to all students of early Christianity and second-temple Judaism.
Copyright (c) 2026 Kairos : Evangelical Journal of Theology https://creativecommons.org/licenses/by/4.0
Kelly M. Kapic. Communion with God: The Divine and the Human in the Theology of John Owen
How can this book serve a reader? First, it summarizes John Owen’s theology. Also, if one takes careful notes of John Owen, one would be invited to read him. Kapic faithfully observes the major topic of Communion of God in John Owen’s theological framework and interpretation. He faithfully quotes this Puritan holding unto his conclusions and arguments. However, when reading the Puritans, one should be prepared to encounter older English; and if one chooses to read Owen, especially Communion with God, this book will help the reader better understand the Puritan theologian and benefit more from his writings. John Owen was called English Calvin, pastoral and doctrinal, both of which we need in our context of Croatia, and to look to him. The call to read Puritans in the West is high, and maybe this book can help someone become a Puritan reader, a wise man who takes the valuable time for the gems of the past and becomes a person who has understanding for reading people like John Owen. For me, this book stirred my intellectual will and heart to dive deeper into Owen’s mind through his works. I hope it will stir other readers, too, both lay readership and pastoral ones.
Esther Lightcap Meek. The Mother’s Smile: Philosophical Formation in the Welcome of Mothers and Friends
We heartily recommend you read this book. Reading this review without delving into the work itself would be a very modernist approach. You get all the information, but you lack the formative experience the book gives. You lack the “Gestalt,” the beautiful whole, the garden of insights and stirred-up memories, even regrets, that only reading and imbibing can give you. You will not regret it; on the contrary, you will be delighted with it.
Mission Work of Churches of Christ in Croatia 1960s – 2010
Churches of Christ in the Croatian context are a minority religious community and, due to their small numbers, are relatively unknown and under-researched. In this article, the focus is on the missionary work of American Churches of Christ in Croatia between the 1960s and 2010 and the results achieved. The first section introduces foundations for work in Europe, notably through the role of Otis Gatewood and the Eastern European Mission (EEM). Section two discusses the beginnings of the Work in Croatia, focusing on a few key US missionaries and ministries that were used in missionary work. The third section explores the importance of Mladen Jovanović for the establishment of Churches of Christ in Croatia, and section four discusses subsequent American missionaries who made significant contributions to missionary work in Croatia. Section five identifies three Croats who became leaders in the Croatian Churches of Christ through missionary work, and section six provides a brief reflection on the results of that initial missionary work. The conclusion is that, even though US missionaries came from a Stone-Campbell Movement background, past and current Croatian workers have found their Stone-Campbell heritage to be part of their historical/theological interests but not of daily relevance. The emphasis is rather on the Lord Jesus and his Word. The findings presented in this article are based primarily on eyewitness testimony collected through interviews and email correspondence.
This article considers the role of music in the churches of the Reformation heritage in the Republic of Croatia through three thematic areas: foreign musical influences, the quality of local musical creative output, and its broader social resonance. Particular attention is devoted to the historical evolution of contemporary Christian music, especially the impact of foreign performers and organizations from the mid-twentieth century to the present, and their role in shaping the local musical practices. The work is based on an analytical reading of available sources, as well as the author’s extensive practical experience in the area of music in general and concert work in particular within different denominational contexts. The second part underscores the importance of excellence as a key factor of cultural influence, combined with a critical examination of challenges related to production, institutional visibility, and systemic support of musicians. The final section reflects on the social potential of church music as a means of communication of theological values in the public sphere. In conclusion, the article argues that there is a need for a strategic, interdisciplinary, and long-term approach to musical creativity to achieve a full spiritual and social effect.
Metaphor as a Means of Communicating Emotional Experience (Death) in Religious Discourse
Loss, untimely departure, and a sense of emptiness are common experiences in coping with sudden death. In such situations, metaphors prove to be a key means of expression, especially when personal experience is not aligned with collective discourse, and emotional experiences often lead to creative metaphorical production (Littlemore 2019; Moon, 1998). In religious language, metaphor occupies a special place as a means of figurative representation and can be analyzed through the identification of conceptual mappings and their linguistic realizations (Hobbs 2021). This paper empirically analyses conceptual metaphors in religiously marked narratives of mourning based on a corpus of 68 posts taken from a memorial page on the social media platform Facebook. The analysis examines which metaphors occur, how they are distributed within the corpus, and which discursive and religious functions they perform. Drawing on conceptual metaphor theory, the analysis shows that participants structure the experience of death as embodied experience, the perception of time, attitudes towards the self, and religious discourse, and how this contributes to the function of religion in linguistic communication. The paper contributes to research in cognitive linguistics and religious discourse by showing how universal patterns of metaphorical conceptualization intertwine with contextually specific religious meanings within the discourse of mourning.
Bible Editions and their Use in the Churches of the Reformation Heritage (1990–2020)
This article analyses the Croatian-language Bible editions that were actively used in the churches of the Reformation Heritage in Croatia between 1990 and 2020. It aims to identify those translations that exerted genuine influence on liturgical, pastoral, and personal practices within these communities, while also exploring the criteria by which they were selected and applied. Rather than offering a general survey of all Croatian Bible translations, the study focuses on editions with documented use in church life, including complete translations of the Bible and the New Testament, while excluding occasional and sporadic publications. The article begins with a brief overview of the Reformation foundations of Bible translation, with particular emphasis on the principle of sola scriptura and the importance of making the Holy Scriptures accessible to believers in their own language. The central section explores the selected editions from the 1990–2020 period, evaluating their linguistic characteristics, translation strategies, and reception in church practice. Special attention is given to contemporary trends, such as the plurality of translations, the rise of digital and audio formats, and the specialized editions tailored to different age groups and social contexts. The results reveal that, despite the increasing diversity of available editions, a stable and recognizable core of biblical texts has continued to shape church practice in these communities. The study also underscores the Bible’s ongoing role in forming the religious and cultural identity of believers and affirms that modern publishing and digital developments are advancing the accessibility of Scripture in continuity with the Reformation tradition.
Formation Through Disorientation: Reframing Reduced Personal Accomplishment in Indonesian Church
This article intervenes in contemporary practical theological discourse on clergy burnout by critically reexamining the category of Reduced Personal Accomplishment (RPA). Dominant burnout frameworks interpret RPA primarily as diminished professional efficacy within performance oriented anthropological assumptions. This study argues that such assumptions are theologically misaligned with ecclesial vocation and insufficient for interpreting ministerial experience, particularly in contexts marked by minority church pressures. Employing constructive practical theological methodology, the article proposes Formation Through Disorientation as a normative framework that reconfigures RPA as vocational disorientation rather than functional deficit. Integrating vocation theology, imago Dei anthropology, and cruciform spirituality, the framework reorients burnout discourse from managerial restoration toward ontological realignment of ministerial identity. Drawing on Indonesian minority church realities as a critical case, the article contributes a Global South theological anthropology that challenges dominant Western paradigms and advances practical theology’s engagement with identity, legitimacy, and perseverance in ministry.
William Lane Craig. In Quest of the Historical Adam: A Biblical and Scientific Exploration
This book is not an easy read. One cannot read this book fast, skimming, distracted, or deconcentrated if he wants to understand the argumentation and to get the most from the book. The footnotes are also very important to read, one should not skip them, because they help in the understanding of the main text. However, even if one reads the book in a very focused manner, there are still some sections that are not so easy to comprehend. Therefore, this book is not for an average Christian, but someone with more solid theological foundations, but also with wider general knowledge, understanding of ancient history, geography, anthropology, etc.
The interactive mobile application Biblija365, developed and launched in Croatia on March 1, 2017, has been operational for six years. Behind this title, we find the first Croatian interactive mobile application intended for Bible reading, but also for different other social activities that the Biblija365 organization team organized or supported, and which were organized under the title B365+. Today, the B365 team’s activity can be seen through the presence of the now widely known and used application for Bible reading, through the social engagement in promoting Bible reading together with the annual “Public Reading of the Bible,” and through organization or support of numerous conferences that place the most important book in the world at their center.
The paper considers the biblical teaching on the phenomenon of human death, starting from the account in Genesis 2:15-17 and connecting it to other Scriptural texts. The first part considers the biblical-theological meaning of death and the Christological-soteriological answer to the problem of death. The second part of the paper presents the practical significance of the correct biblical understanding of the phenomenon of dying both for believers and unbelievers. The conclusion is that the Bible often talks about death and does not run from it but rather exposes and explains it. According to the Bible, death is God’s punishment for sin: spiritual, physical, and eternal death. It is the enemy that repeatedly wields victory over humankind, however, God, in his grace, has provided the victor over death – Jesus Christ, true man, and true God.
Prompted by the recent census, the author of this essay reflects on the question of evangelical believers’ identity. The first part offers a short historical overview of the Reformation, and the second speaks about similarities and differences between the Protestant and the Radical Reformation. Since there are theological differences between the two, and since the Radical Reformation stemmed from the same starting point as the Protestant Reformation, the third part considers what would be the best way to call and identify believers of those churches. In the end, speaking from the Croatian context, the author sides with the term “churches of the Reformation heritage,” although the problem remains as to which term should be used for believers in such churches.
One of the classic tools in Christian theological anthropology for dealing with the intricacies of human identity is the Imago Dei concept. Approaching the concept holistically, by exploring the structural, behavioral, teleological, communal, and hospitality perspectives, this article asserts that at the very core of Imago Dei is a relational design that the Creator God had in mind for humanity – his opera Magna. Theological insights drawn from the relational doctrine of Trinity, as revealed in the comprehension of J. Moltmann, W. Pannenberg, J. Zizioulas, M. Volf, and D. Augustine, are applied to the anthropological dimension of existence, unveiling what it means to be a human being made in the image of God. In the end, Imago Dei is perceived to have not only a developmental but also a fundamentally transformative function.
Guidelines for the Future of Evangelical Christianity in Croatia
The article discusses the future of evangelical Christianity in Croatia. Together with analyzing the existing spiritual state, the author offers five key guidelines. He believes that their application in the everyday life of believers and churches of the Reformation heritage can accomplish the future God has prepared, and which he empowers and determines. For a biblically fruitful and God-pleasing future, local church and denomination leadership should adopt biblical guidelines and as soon as possible begin the appropriate processes to include God’s creative activity in Croatia: 1) perspective on life; 2) God’s authority in the life of a believer and the church; 3) discipleship that manifests itself in service; 4) training spiritual leaders on all levels of service to God; 5) efficient leadership system. Together with every guideline, the author suggests and explains processes belonging to it. Thinking about the future of evangelical Christianity in Croatia is focused on the consideration of God’s Word in the context of spiritual, social, and cultural reality in which evangelical Christians live and co-create with God.
Despite valid criticisms and the challenge of definition, evangelicalism remains a real and vital coalition of like-minded Christians committed to the historic Christian faith both globally and in Croatia. Evangelical Christianity in Croatia has its distinct history, challenges, and needs for its future, and its theologians will need to play a crucial role in the ongoing life and growth of evangelical churches. Four important areas are highlighted for the role of the theologian: commitment to scriptural teaching and discipleship in local churches; critical evaluation of outside influences; engagement with and contribution to the global evangelical faith, and engagement with wider Croatian society and Roman Catholicism. While some evangelicals approach the future with optimistic, pessimistic, or realistic approaches, the future of evangelical Christianity in Croatia is rather rooted in a hopeful view: the eschatological hope of the Gospel. The life, death, and resurrection of the Messiah Jesus and the gift of the eschatological Spirit to the church form the historical basis by which evangelical Christians in Croatia are called and empowered to live out their future hope in the present.
Phillip Cary. The Nicene Creed: An Introduction
Cary’s book is not a definitive work on the Nicene Creed for those who want to research its theological and philosophical depths, and even some preachers will want more discussion on its history, protagonists, and meaning. Towards the end, it has shortcomings when discussing the Church and Baptism, possibly because these truths were not a focus of the Church Fathers at the councils of Nicaea (325) and Constantinople (381). Having said that, I believe that The Nicene Creed will serve everyone, from an interested teenager to a college professor, as an excellent resource that will do exactly as its subtitle promises, give An Introduction to the Creed. And since it is the 1,700th anniversary of Nicaea, I heartily recommend that all my readers read this insightful book.
Copyright (c) 2025 Kairos : Evangelical Journal of Theology https://creativecommons.org/licenses/by/4.0
Sarah Nicholl. Integrated Mission: Recovering a Christian Spirituality for Evangelical Integral Transformation
Nicholl offers a compelling case for both the lacuna within Lausanne and a way forward, drawing from a rich tapestry of historical and contemporary voices reimagined for the present. But perhaps this critique of Lausanne actually reveals the deeper issue—a past overreliance on Western voices, which have tended to be more dualistic, prescriptive, and pragmatic—to shape the conversation to the neglect of other cultural perspectives that already view the world more holistically. In light of this, it is helpful that she engages with voices from Latin America as well as from another Christian stream. Curiously, however, all her interlocutors are men, and although it is obvious she carefully chose each individual, numerous women could have brought additional nuance and enlarged perspective to the discussion.
Five Practical Applications of Honesty with God in the Christian Life
Admittedly, the commonest instinct of human beings after the Fall is to run from the Creator and wear masks while hiding behind all kinds of appearances (like false religion, “good” deeds, and/or good intentions). Despite this (or perhaps for this reason precisely), God, in his all-knowing wisdom, has ordained honesty and the idea of living in transparency (by the Light of his Word) to heal and repair the broken relationship with him. This means that we, as humans, must be completely open with Yahweh first and foremost, but also with ourselves, admitting our faults to ourselves rather than ignoring them. Honesty with God, in other words, means renouncing all attempts to justify, minimize, or even deny the grievousness of our sin (otherwise said, renouncing all masks and the appearance of human “goodness”) so that we might be not just forgiven, but also cleansed, healed and restored (at least partially, until the “completeness” comes). Thus, based on the biblical premise that transparency is the best shield against deceit and self-deceit, this article discusses five practical applications that the habit of being completely transparent with ourselves – but, most importantly, with God – develops in our Christian walk of faith.
The Development and Activities of Christ’s Church of Brethren in Zagreb
Christ’s Church of Brethren in Zagreb, from its founding in 1946 until the early 1970s, was one of the largest and most active communities in Croatia. Located in the very center, near the main square of Zagreb, at Gajeva 9a, it had approximately a hundred members. The members of the church were actively involved in evangelization, primarily through distributing tracts, sharing personal testimony, and visiting surrounding areas, despite the restrictions imposed by the communist regime. Conferences were held twice a year, bringing together all the Brethren communities from the former Yugoslavia. The church was visited by famous foreign preachers such as Bakht Singh and Roger T. Foster. Visits by various foreign missionaries, especially from Switzerland and England, and later also from Germany, opened up new opportunities, especially for young people, to participate in Christian events outside the country. In addition to trips and conferences, trips for young people and camps in Gorski Kotar, near Lake Lokvar, were regularly organized, as well as trips to England, all of which left a great mark on the lives of young people. Publishing occupied an important place in evangelization and encouragement, discipleship, and the upbringing of believers. Dr. Branko Đaković, one of the elders of Christ’s Church of Brethren in Zagreb, left behind a significant number of translations of Christian literature. His most notable translation work is a complete translation of the entire Holy Scripture. Also, his Bible Dictionary is the first Protestant Bible dictionary in the territory of the former Yugoslavia, and his Bible translations are the first standard Protestant translations in Croatia. The first part provides an overview of the emergence of Brethren churches in Europe, their spread to the former Yugoslavia, and the development of Christ’s Church of Brethren in Zagreb...
The Book of Lamentations is significant in Jewish culture, extending far beyond its religious dimensions, because it reflects the recurring disasters and tragic events that have shaped the Jewish national experience throughout history. In this article, the author offers an in-depth literary and theological analysis of the Book of Lamentations, emphasizing its significance within Jewish culture and religious tradition. The book is investigated not merely as an expression of grief over the traumatic destruction of Jerusalem and the First Temple in the 6th century BCE, but also as a structured poetic work that delivers educational, didactic, and moral messages. The article is divided into three main parts. The first part provides a general and concise introduction assisting the reader in understanding various aspects of the book, including its historical background, the origin of its title, the tradition of its composition, and its placement within the canon of the Hebrew Bible. The second and core part of the article dissects the book’s structure, literary genre, and the thematic organization of its five chapters. It highlights the unique linguistic features of Lamentations and their impact on Hebrew language and literature, both ancient and modern. The final section addresses the theological paradox of faith in a just God amidst suffering and injustice, a central motif in the Book of Lamentations. The author examines the pathways of rabbinic literature to gain insight into Judaism’s perspective on the question of suffering and affliction in the world. This analysis includes excerpts of rabbinic texts, bridging classical Jewish thought with contemporary discussions. The article integrates literary and theological insights, offering a nuanced understanding of Lamentations as a cultural, historical, and religious artifact.
A Theological Vision for Discipleship: How Principles and Practices Work Together to Simplify Our Disciple-Making
In this article, I employ doctrine to understand the concept of discipleship from a theological standpoint and the practical outworking of the Great Commission in Matthew 28:18-20. My work suggests that disciple-making begins with the triune God as the one who creates and matures his people in Christlikeness. When rightly understood, this serves to shape how we, God’s people, partner with God in making disciples. Specifically, seeing that discipleship is ultimately God’s design and work, it follows that God’s people should make disciples in submission to and dependence on him. This sort of posture looks like allowing the principles by which God has ordered the disciple-making process to govern our disciple-making practices. In this article, I frame God’s disciple-making principles in this way: God creates and matures his people (1) by his Spirit through his Word, (2) in relation to the local church, and (3) over a long period of time. In response to these principles, God’s people should uphold the centrality of Word-based ministry, the importance of the local church, and the espousal of accurate expectations in their disciple-making practices. This ordering of principles and practices serves to simplify disciple-making for us by defining success, clarifying a biblical philosophy of ministry, and providing us with boundaries and freedom. Consequently, the theological vision for discipleship I present in this article is something that Christians desperately need to comprehend and appropriate as we are constantly presented with an assortment of new methods and models for fulfilling the Great Commission.
Whereas other scholarship often focuses on the object(s) of worship in Revelation, this study examines the world-building functions of worship in Revelation 4 and 5 through its participation in temple theology. This paper establishes the meaning of temple theology by surveying various ancient Near Eastern cultures, and it connects worship and temple theology by calling attention to worship’s functions of identification and orientation. This study then examines the worship in Revelation 4 and 5 through the lens of temple theology and draws conclusions about the functions of worship based on this examination. Because of worship’s role in establishing the new, world-encompassing temple, worship can be viewed as an act of creation, reverberating from the very throne of God.
How should a student of scripture make use of Ford’s commentary on John? As a biblical scholar, I am supportive and enthusiastic about the growing sub-genre of “theological commentary” and Ford’s is an excellent exemplar of the genre. As such, I recommend using Ford’s commentary alongside and in discussion with other more exegetically oriented commentaries to preach and teach through the Gospel. It should also prove a valuable guide for theological and missiological exploration of John’s Gospel, in particular in John’s role in the formation of important Christian doctrine and its universal scope that points toward world mission. Finally, Ford will make a skilled and encouraging theological companion for any believer in an intensive reading or daily devotional reading through the Gospel of John, written so that its readers may believe, or continue to believe “that Jesus is the Christ, the Son of God, and that by believing… have life in his name” (John 20:31 ESV).
This book was written in a simple style, and it is by no means just another popular Christian book. It is a book for everyone – from academics to students, from pastors to laity, and finally – for every believer. It is a call to a better, more substantial life based on Scripture, inside the church, involved in the reaching of this world that belongs to God. Modern time is not the time when we think that wisdom has reached its pinnacle, but a time in need of true wisdom. Only by living wisely in a way that is relevant and well spent, the way this book describes, and by giving our voices to the culture we live in through the gospel we have experienced and which we proclaim, we will contribute to God’s world that requires renewal. That is why I recommend this book – because it directs us to the Book through which we discover how to think and act in God’s way in a world that only has its way.
Despite this mild criticism, I want to say again that Niebauer’s monograph is a precious and helpful contribution to the mission and moral theology. Therefore, the book should be mandatory for every (potential) theologian, professional or amateur missionary, and pastor.
From the Biblical Theological Institute in Zagreb to the Evangelical Theological Seminary in Osijek
We express our gratitude to God for the dedication and contributions of the many teachers, associates, and volunteers from both local and international communities who have wholeheartedly worked toward the growth and development of this esteemed higher education institution over the years. The alumni of this institution are now serving in various churches, denominations, and Christian organizations across Europe and the world, as pastors, religious teachers, professors, and workers in Christian media, humanitarian, and other social fields.
Evangelical Theological Seminary in Osijek
If we establish that the meaning of theosis is to become like God through the process of becoming like Christ, and if the goal of discipleship is to become like Christ, then it becomes evident that these two concepts are closely related. The article briefly explains the concepts of discipleship and theosis, and the most common evangelical discipleship setting (one-on-one or small group). Then it suggests four modules for teaching theosis in a discipleship setting: created to be Godlike, Godlikeness lost, restoring Godlikeness, and becoming fully Godlike. This model brings together theosis and discipleship which provides a new and helpful approach for raising Christlike/Godlike disciples.
“Different Kinds of Gospel Result In Different Kinds of Discipleship”
Due to troublesome symptoms emerging and accelerating in American Protestant and Evangelical communities, this article discusses how the Gospel and how discipleship manifests in the American church today. Using Bill Hull’s suggestions about six variations of “Gospel Models,” the first section of this article briefly describes each model and shows in which ways each model impacts discipleship. In the second section, using The Hartford database of US Megachurches, the article analyzes how a subset of the churches in the database define their mission. The conclusion is that discipleship is rare as the primary mission for American churches in terms of actual wording if there is any standing in the words at all. The article concludes that troublesome symptoms emerging and accelerating in American Protestant and Evangelical communities are organizational, caused by the underlying tensions between the Kingdom-focused Gospel of Christ, and the historical traditions and societal morphing underfoot in Western Christianity. Because the trends are organizational, they are, by definition, a leadership issue rather than attributing deficiencies to defective individual followers of Christ. Only leadership has the authority and influence to change an organization, excluding anarchy.
Theology of the Baptism in the Spirit and Gifts of the Spirit in the Thought of Martyn Lloyd-Jones and His Differences, Similarities, and Contributions in Comparison to Pentecostal Interpretation
The article explores the theology of the baptism in the Spirit in the context of Martyn Lloyd-Jones’ position and the Assemblies of God Pentecostal movement. Besides including the short historical and contextual overview of the theology of the baptism in the Spirit in the Pentecostal movement and Lloyd-Jones, the article also provides insight into their primary emphases. Both sides claim that the baptism in the Spirit is an experience separate from the new birth. Assemblies of God believe it is crucial to point out that baptism in the Spirit opens up possibilities of new experiences, sanctification, and speaking in tongues. Lloyd-Jones mostly agrees with this, with the exception that baptism in the Spirit is the same as the sealing we see in the Epistle to the Ephesians, where he sees the sealing with the initial sign of the baptism of the Holy Spirit as the firm assurance of what we already have (sonship) and a strong experience of God’s love, which is the motivation for powerful preaching and witnessing. According to Lloyd-Jones, his interpretation of the gift of speaking in tongues does differ from the understanding of Assemblies of God. Tongues are not necessarily the initial sign of the baptism of the Holy Spirit, and their use is not under a person’s control but under the control of the Spirit’s sovereign work. The article explains these differences and similarities and calls for dialogue and consideration of Lloyd-Jones’ thought in his contribution to the Pentecostal theology of the baptism in the Spirit.
Kevin J. Vanhoozer. Mere Christian Hermeneutics
Summarizing this work is not an easy task, but that is not meant as a negative comment. Rather, there is a richness to the book that will require readers to be fully immersed in its logic and transfigural persuasiveness. In addition, multiple terms and concepts are either freshly formulated by the author or used distinctly. Thankfully, there is a helpful glossary at the end of the book that will assist the reader in understanding these carefully nuanced ideas (i.e., the difference between “trans-figural interpretation” and “transfigural interpretation”).