Bulletin of the International Association for Paleodontology
AIMS AND SCOPE: Bulletin of the International Association for Paleodontology is an interdisciplinary open access online journal inviting and welcoming contributions from anthropology, bioarchaeology, paleodontology and related fields. The journal publishes papers and develops discussions on a wide range of research problems, e.g. methodo-logy and methods of bioarchaeological, and anthropological research, including field and laboratory study techniques; information technologies; bioarchaeological reconstruction; human evolution; etc. The journal also publishes results of field investigations conducted by bioarchaeologists, anthropologists, osteologists, and announcements of symposia and professional meetings. It is the goal of this publication to provide authors with an international forum for the presentation of their materials and ideas. Bulletin of the International Association for Paleodontology is published two times a year (spring and autumn). Before submitting a manuscript, please read carefully our Instructions for authors, Review policy and Ethics policy. ISSN: 1846-6273 (Online) WEB: https://paleodontology.com/journal/ PUBLISHER: International Association for Paleodontology FIRST YEAR OF PUBLICATION: 2007 SCIENTIFIC DISCIPLINES AND SUBDISCIPLINES: Biomedicine and Healthcare; Dental Medicine; Humanistic Sciences; Archeology; Ethnology and Anthropology RIGHTS: Bulletin of the International Association for Paleodontology is an Open Access journal. All con-tent is made freely available. Users are allowed to copy and redistribute, and alter, transform, or build upon the material as long as they attribute the source in an appropriate manner. Users can not use the materials for commercial purposes without previous arrangement with the publisher. No article processing charges. No article submission charges. INDEXING: Bulletin of the International Association for Paleodontology is indexed in: • SCOPUS • DOAJ (Directory of open access journals) • EBSCO • Genamics JournalSeek • Hrcak • ICMJE (Committee of Medical Journal Editors) CONTACT: Bulletin of the International Association for Paleodontology Department of Dental Anthropology, School of Dental Medicine, University of Zagreb Gunduliceva 5, HR-10000 Zagreb, Croatia Tel: +385 1 4899 214 Fax: +385 1 4802 159 E-mail: bulletin@paleodontology.com Web: www.paleodontology.com LEGAL NOTICE: Neither the IAPO nor any person acting on its behalf may be held responsible for the use which might be made of the information contained in this publication, nor for any errors which may appear.
International Association for Paleodontology
Bilateral shovel shaped maxillary central incisors in a non-syndromic adult: a distinct morphological presentation
Shovel-shaped incisors represent a distinct morphological variation of permanent maxillary teeth characterized by prominent marginal ridges enclosing a deep lingual fossa. Although shovel shaped incisors are commonly observed as a population related morphological trait, particularly in Asian groups, their occurrence as a well-expressed (Type 3), bilateral form involving maxillary central incisors in a non-syndromic individual is less frequently documented in clinical literature. This report describes a case of bilateral shovel-shaped permanent maxillary central incisors in a 56-year-old medically healthy female who presented for routine dental examination. Clinical intraoral assessment revealed pronounced lingual marginal ridges and a deep lingual fossa in both maxillary central incisors. The morphological findings were confirmed using die stone cast models, traced diagrams, and intraoral periapical radiography, which demonstrated normal root morphology and periapical status. No additional dental anomalies or systemic associations were identified. Although typically asymptomatic, shovel-shaped incisors may predispose individuals to plaque accumulation, dental caries, occlusal disturbances, and esthetic concerns. Accurate recognition of this morphological trait is important for preventive and restorative dental care and holds significance in dental anthropology and forensic identification.
Dental anthropological analysis of the Byzantine Necropolis of Samantaş (Muğla, Türkiye)
Samantaş is a Byzantine necropolis discovered during rescue excavations near the ancient city of Stratonikeia and the sanctuary of Hekate at Lagina in Türkiye. We analyzed the dental morphology of the Samantaş population from the 6th to the 12th centuries AD. We scored nine dental traits using the Arizona State University Dental Anthropology System (ASUDAS) in 142 individuals. Dental nonmetric trait frequencies in Samantaş were compared with previously reported world frequencies. In addition, the rASUDAS was used to predict the ancestry of the Samantaş using the trait scores. Results show that traits including shoveling and double-shoveling, hypocone, and Y groove pattern are at low frequencies. In contrast, interruption grooves and tuberculum dentale, Carabelli’s cusp, and hypoconulid absence are in moderate to high frequencies. The rASUDAS analysis estimates that most of Samantaş have Western Eurasian ancestry. Results indicate limited dental morphological variation, suggesting minimal gene flow from outside Western Eurasia into Samantaş. More studies of populations in the nearby region are needed to infer the ancestral connections and population history of the Samantaş population.
Accuracy of dental age estimation using the Demirjian, Al Qahtani, and Blenkin-Evans methods in children from Surabaya, Indonesia
Age estimation is a scientific process used to determine an individual's chronological age based on biological markers, such as teeth and bones. Teeth are particularly valuable for age estimation in disaster victims due to their resilience to external pressures and high temperatures. Several methods for dental age estimation in children have been developed, including the Demirjian, Al Qahtani, and Blenkin-Evans methods. This study evaluated the accuracy of these three methods in children from Surabaya, Indonesia. The sample consisted of orthopantomographs from 129 children aged 3 to 16 years. Descriptive statistics were used to calculate both chronological and dental ages, and the Wilcoxon test and Spearman's correlation coefficient were applied to compare chronological and dental ages by age group and sex across the three methods. The mean chronological age for boys was 9.59 ± 2.92 years, and for girls was 8.18 ± 2.18 years. The Demirjian method showed a mean underestimation of 0.38 years for boys and 0.16 years for girls. In contrast, the Al Qahtani method showed a mean overestimation of 0.55 years for boys and 1.09 years for girls. The Blenkin-Evans method also displayed a mean underestimation, with 0.49 years for boys and 0.08 years for girls. The findings indicate that of age estimation accuracy varies across age stages and between genders, emphasising the need to select methods that consider these factors when applied in clinical or forensic contexts.
Diagnostic performance of the Third Molar Maturity Index (I3M) for forensic age estimation at the 18-year threshold in a Surabaya population, Indonesia
Third molar development is widely used in forensic age estimation because it continues to mature after most permanent teeth have erupted, extending into late adolescence and early adulthood. Cameriere’s Third Molar Maturity Index (I3M) has been proposed as a reliable method for determining whether an individual has reached the legal age threshold of 18 years. This study aimed to evaluate the diagnostic performance of the I3M method for estimating legal age using panoramic radiographs in a population from Surabaya, Indonesia. A total of 100 digital panoramic radiographs of individuals aged 16–23 years were retrospectively analyzed. I3M values were calculated based on measurements of the apical openings of the lower left mandibular third molar using ImageJ software. The diagnostic performance of the established cut-off value of 0.08 was evaluated using sensitivity, specificity, accuracy, positive predictive value (PPV), and negative predictive value (NPV). The relationship between chronological age and I3M values was analyzed using Spearman’s correlation coefficient. The I3M method demonstrated an overall accuracy of 91%, with sensitivity of 90.1% and specificity of 100% in distinguishing individuals aged ≥18 years from minors. The positive predictive value was 100%, whereas the negative predictive value was 50%. A strong negative correlation was observed between chronological age and I3M values (ρ = −0.871, P < 0.001). These findings suggest that the I3M method shows promising diagnostic performance for estimating whether an individual has reached the legal age of 18 years in the studied population. However, the results should be interpreted with caution due to the limited number of individuals under 18 years. Further studies involving larger and more balanced samples are required to confirm the applicability of the method in Indonesian populations.
Analysis of the craniodental pathology of skulls from the 1st century BC – 3rd century from the monuments Shirakavan, Karmrakar (Armenia) and Bokany (Moldova)
This study examines cranial remains from several archaeological sites in Armenia and Moldova, including Shirakavan, Karmrakar, and Bokny. The analysis documents a range of skeletal modifications and pathologies, including porotic hyperostosis associated with iron deficiency anemia, enamel hypoplasia, periodontitis, and antemortem tooth loss. Fluctuating dental asymmetry was observed, likely reflecting environmental stress during tooth development. Cranial deformation, achieved through circular bandaging, is documented in multiple individuals, producing characteristic modifications such as receding foreheads and tower-shaped vaults. Evidence of trepanation, including a case in an 8-10-year-old child, demonstrates the use of drilling techniques and subsequent healing, suggesting both medical and possibly ritual significance. Traumatic injuries caused by blunt force and decapitation are also recorded, highlighting episodes of interpersonal violence. A unique find of a severed skull with traces of ritual modification further indicates complex mortuary practices in the region. Overall, these data provide insights into the health, cultural behaviors, and ritual practices of past populations in Armenia and Moldova.
Mandibular gracilization through time: a 3D comparison of ancient and contemporary populations
Understanding the evolution of mandibular morphology provides key insights into the interplay between diet, technology, and oral health. When human populations made the subsistence transition from hunter-gathering to agriculture, the diet softened, and mandibles became more gracile. In this study, we compare the mandibular morphology of agricultural populations from ancient Sudan (350 BCE-350 CE) to contemporary Floridian populations to explore how jaw shape differs across geographic and temporal ranges beyond the agricultural revolution. We hypothesized that contemporary Floridian mandibles would differ significantly in shape from those of ancient agricultural populations, reflecting a continued trend of mandibular gracilization. Specifically, we predicted that the ancient mandibles would be more robust, with wider rami, shorter vertical height, and more acute body-ramus angles consistent with greater masticatory muscle use. To test this hypothesis, 39 contemporary mandibles were 3D surface scanned and compared to 38 ancient mandibles using 3D geometric morphometric quantitative methods, including a Procrustes ANOVA. Our predictions were met, and our hypothesis was supported (p = 0.001). Contemporary mandibles are characterized as being more gracile with taller and narrower rami and more obtuse gonial angles. This is likely due to the softness of the contemporary diet, perhaps driven by the recent rise in ultra-processed foods. Our findings demonstrate that mandibular shape can undergo significant change over a 2,000-year span, even between geographically distinct populations, and that contemporary gracilization parallels the morphological shifts associated with the earlier transition from hunter-gathering to agriculture.
Tooth wear among the indigenous Dayak Kenyah of Sungai Bawang village, East Kalimantan, Indonesia: a forensic anthropological perspective
Abstract In forensic anthropology, tooth wear is a critical indicator of diet, age, and cultural habits. The Dayak Kenyah population is primarily involved in hunting and shifting cultivation. However, in this study population, they currently reside close to urban areas. Understanding the effects of modernization, especially regarding dietary changes, can be achieved by clinically observing tooth wear among indigenous populations. This study investigated clinical dental wear in the modern-day Dayak Kenyah population, focusing on incisal and occlusal surfaces and their correlations with age and sex. Most individuals reported mild to moderate tooth wear. The incisal teeth exhibited higher wear than the occlusal teeth. Age and tooth wear were positively related, and no significant differences were observed between men and women. Modern lifestyles may influence the diet that could affect tooth wear, despite the traditional ways such as hunting and shifting cultivation. These findings reveal that cultural and diet changes affect tooth wear in indigenous populations. Keywords: Tooth wear, Dayak Kenyah, Indigenous people, dental anthropology, forensic anthropology
Forensic odontology in pediatric dentistry: a detailed exploration
Forensic odontology is a specialized area in forensic sciences which aid in identification of unknown individuals. It also helps in investigating crimes which is also beneficial in certain cases of pediatric dentistry. With an emphasis on age estimation, bite mark analysis, and child identification using dental data, this area applies dental expertise to legal issues. Because children's teeth and facial characteristics develop so quickly, pediatric dentistry presents special issues that need specialized forensic procedures. This investigation looks at how forensic odontology is utilized in pediatric dentistry, highlighting how important it is for locating missing or mistreated children as well as figuring out how old youngsters are in court proceedings. This article also explores the role of bite marks along with various eruption patterns of both primary and permanent teeth in forensic investigations. Additionally, it draws attention to the ethical issues, constraints, and developments in the field of forensic odontology. Dental practitioners may improve child protection initiatives worldwide and make a substantial contribution to the legal and judicial systems by comprehending how these professions connect. This rationale behind this article to highlight the critical role forensic odontologists plays in pediatric dentistry for precise age estimate, child identification, and the identification of abuse using dental evidence that has been scientifically confirmed.
Sex determination using odontometric and anthropometric dimensions of 5-6-year-old children
Introduction: Forensic dentistry encompasses the handling, examination, and evaluation of dental evidence within a criminal justice context. It deals with the dental evidence obtained from various events such as road accidents, natural calamities, illegal activities, and crime scenes. Studies to assess the sexual dimorphism in children, especially using odontometric and anthropometric measurements, have rarely been published. Therefore we designed this study to evaluate sexual dimorphism using odontometric and anthropometric parameters in children from Tamil Nadu. Materials and methods: The present study was conducted on 63 female and 50 male children aged 5-6 years. Linear measurements for Mesio Distal Width, Inter Canine Distance, Index Finger Length, Ring Finger Length, Foot Breadth and Foot Length were made. Maxillary Canine Index, Mandibular Canine Index, Hand Index, and Foot Index were calculated from these linear measurements. Statistical Package for the Social Science version 20.0 software was used for statistical analysis. Results and conclusion: Sexual dimorphism was evident in most odontometric and anthropometric parameters in children. Using a combination of odontometric and anthropometric parameters in an equation for gender determination in children resulted in better accuracy. We derived two formulae for sex determination using discriminant function analysis. Their accuracies were 75.2% and 81.4%. Keywords: forensic anthropology; linear measurements; discriminant function analysis
The use of ear morphoscopy and morphometry in sex determination: a case report
Sex determination is an important aspect in forensic investigations. Human ears are considered unique, as they have distinctive morphological and morphometric features that allow sex determination and may be use as adjunct evidence. This case report highlights the sex identification of two deceased Indonesian males aged 33 and 76 years by evaluating their ear morphoscopy and morphoscopic measurements. Photographs were taken of the ears of both deceased individuals. Morphoscopic evaluations included evaluations of the Darwin’s tubercle, helix form, earlobe form, and earlobe attachment. The morphometric measurements included measurements of the left ear height, left ear width, left lobule height, and left lobule width. The results were compared to those of previous studies. From morphoscopy evaluations and morphometric measurements, both victims were identified as male. In conclusion, ear morphoscopy and ear morphometry can be used as tools for sex determination with accurate data from the respective population to elevate the accuracy of the measurements. Keywords: ear morphoscopy; ear morphometry; sex determination; forensic
Radiomorphometric analysis of mandibular symphysis and ramus heights on panoramic radiographs for sex determination in Surabaya, Indonesia
Sex determination is a fundamental aspect of biological profile reconstruction in forensic identification. Previous studies recommended the mandible as a valuable indicator for this matter. This study aimed to evaluate mandibular morphometric parameters on panoramic radiographs using an open-source software for sex determination in Surabaya, Indonesia. This study analyzed 57 digital panoramic radiographs (22 males, 35 females; age range 18–40 years) from the Dental Hospital, Universitas Airlangga. Ten mandibular metrics were evaluated with ImageJ software and analyzed using discriminant function analysis (DFA) to identify sexually dimorphic variables. Among these, Symphysis Height (Sym) and Right Ramus Height (RaH_R) were the most reliable indicators. The discriminant function model achieved an overall correct classification of 85.96% (86.4% for males and 85.7% for females). Future studies with larger and more diverse samples, 3D imaging modalities, and advanced analytical methods, such as machine learning, are needed to strengthen forensic applicability and improve accuracy in human identification. Keywords: Indonesians; legal identity; mandibular ramus; mandibular symphysis; morphometric analysis; sex determination
Fluorosis and caries in prehistoric populations of Papua Indonesia
This study examines the prevalence and association of two major dental pathology-fluorosis and caries- in prehistoric populations from Papua, Indonesia. A total of 73 teeth from 55 individuals were analyzed using the Tooth Surface Index of Fluorosis (TSIF) alongside standard diagnostic methods for detecting caries. The study involved examining the teeth using Novex Holland, and Bresser microscopes, followed by the application of statistical methods, such as Pearson’s correlation and linear regression, to analyze the relationship between fluorosis and caries. The findings revealed high rates of fluorosis, whereas caries appeared less frequently. These outcomes suggest a potential inverse correlation, likely resulting from prolonged fluoride intake through naturally sourced water. This research offers valuable insights into the oral health of ancient populations and highlights the importance of further studies on how environmental and biological elements influence dental diseases in tropical climates.
Tooth regeneration using USAG-1 gene: a review
A groundbreaking teeth regeneration drug, developed by Japanese researchers, suppresses tooth growth, offering a potential alternative to dentures and other dental prosthetic replacements. Clinical trials begun recently, with promising outcomes expected. This innovative therapy could revolutionise dental care for patients with missing teeth. Keywords: USAG-1; tooth regeneration
Torus palatinus and torus mandibularis as supplementary indicators in forensic human identification: a systematic review
Background: Torus palatinus and torus mandibularis are benign bony outgrowths often discovered incidentally during dental examinations. While usually asymptomatic, they can hinder prosthetic treatments. Their distinct morphology, population-specific prevalence, and rarity make them potential markers for forensic human identification. Objective: This systematic review evaluates oral tori as distinctive traits in forensic applications, emphasizing their prevalence, morphology, etiology, and clinical and forensic significance. Methods: A literature search (2015–2025) was conducted in PubMed, Scopus, ScienceDirect, and Google Scholar following PRISMA guidelines. Eligible studies included original research, reviews, and case reports on oral tori or exostoses with forensic or epidemiological relevance. Non-English, animal-based, and treatment-focused studies were excluded. Additional relevant sources were reviewed to supplement the analysis. A total of 376 records were retrieved, and after screening and eligibility assessment, 36 studies were included in the review. Results: Oral tori exhibit variation across populations and sexes and are morphologically diverse, though they are typically small and asymptomatic. Their development is influenced by both genetic and environmental factors. While clinically benign, they can present challenges in prosthetic rehabilitation. Forensically, their population-specific patterns make them valuable non-metric traits, particularly when recorded in dental records to assist identification in the absence of primary markers. Conclusion: Oral tori serve as clinically relevant and population-specific traits that hold value in both dental care and forensic human identification Keywords: torus palatinus; torus mandibularis; forensic odontology; forensic identification
Dental age estimation using the tooth coronal index (TCI) method in an Indonesian adult population
Background: The Tooth Coronal Index (TCI) was widely applied in forensic odontology for dental age estimation, based on the inverse relationship between chronological age and the size of the coronal pulp cavity. This study aimed to evaluate the difference between chronological age and dental age estimated using the TCI method in adults. Materials: This study utilized orthopantomograms from 100 patients (50 male and 50 female) who met the inclusion criteria. Methods: This retrospective cross-sectional study analyzed 100 digital panoramic radiographs (50 male and 50 female) that met predefined inclusion criteria. Crown height (CH) and coronal pulp cavity height (CPCH) of mandibular first molars were measured using ImageJ software. TCI values were calculated as (CPCH × 100) / CH. Dental age was estimated using a regression-derived equation. Statistical analyses included normality testing, homogeneity assessment, pair t- test, and R2 analysis. Result: Chronological age data were not normally distributed, whereas dental age data followed a normal distribution. The homogeinity test results indicated that chronological age and dental age did not exhibit a significant variance difference. Pair t-test analysis demonstrated not significant difference between chronological age and dental age. The contribution (R2) of TCI to chronological age was only 0.010, while the remaining variance was explained by other factors. Conclusion: TCI showed minimal predictive value for chronological age, and no significant difference was observed between chronological age and dental age. These findings suggest that TCI alone is insufficient for accurate age estimation and should be complemented with additional indicators in this population.
Redesignating third molars as vestigial organs?
In evolutionary biology and dentistry, third molars which are also referred to as wisdom teeth, have long been a topic of discussion. Due to nutritional and structural changes in humans, they are no longer as functionally necessary as they formerly were for digesting tough, raw meals. The topic of whether these teeth should be categorized as vestigial organs is raised by the fact that many people suffer from impaction, infections, and other issues as a result of their smaller jaw. Even while some contend that third molars are still only marginally useful, rising agenesis and extraction rates point to a continuing evolutionary deterioration. The evolutionary history, practical significance, and categorization of third molars as vestigial features in contemporary humans are all examined in this article.
Forensic odontology for edentulous cases – a diagnostic bereft
Not applicable since it is a letter to editor.
Knowledge and awareness of medicolegal aspects among dental practitioners in rural, urban, and suburban areas of Indonesia: a cross-sectional study
Dental professionals need comprehensive knowledge of both clinical and medicolegal aspects to manage patient care effectively. In Indonesia, diverse geographic and socio-economic conditions in rural, urban, and suburban areas present unique challenges. This study evaluates the medicolegal knowledge and awareness among dental practitioners in these varied practice settings. An observational analytic cross-sectional study was conducted with 274 dental practitioners from Indonesia's rural, urban, and suburban areas. Data were collected through an online survey assessing knowledge and awareness of medicolegal aspects in dental practice. Knowledge was measured with ten specific questions, with scores above 7.5 indicating satisfactory knowledge. Awareness was evaluated using 22 Likert-scale statements, with scores over 66 reflecting high awareness. Statistical analysis, including the Chi-square test, compared knowledge and awareness across different regions and examined these factors' correlations. The study found no significant differences in medicolegal knowledge and awareness based on practice location (p>0.05). 85.8% of respondents had inadequate knowledge, while 65.7% demonstrated satisfactory awareness. Additionally, workload did not significantly affect knowledge or awareness (p>0.05). Geographic location, workload, and gender do not significantly impact dental practitioners' medicolegal knowledge and awareness in Indonesia. However, the study highlights a substantial gap in knowledge, underscoring the need for enhanced education and training in this area to improve the legal proficiency of dental professionals. Keywords: Medicolegal; knowledge; awareness; dental practitioner; legal remedy
Beshlina Fitri Widayanti Roosyanto Prakoeswa
Palatal rugae pattern and tongue print as a potential tool for gender identification in forensic odontology: a cross-sectional study
Background: Palatal rugae and tongue morphology have been widely studied for their potential applications in forensic identification and anthropology. Their uniqueness and stability make them valuable markers for gender differentiation. This study aimed to analyse the palatal rugae and tongue morphology in a selected population and assess their applicability in gender identification. Methods: A total of 200 participants (100 males and 100 females) were enrolled in this observational study. Palatal rugae were recorded using maxillary casts and classified based on number, shape, length, direction, and unification. Tongue morphology was assessed using standardized photographs, focusing on shape, border, and fissures. Statistical analysis was conducted to determine gender-based differences. Results: The mean number of total palatal rugae was significantly higher in males (9.13 ± 2.08) compared to females (8.47 ± 1.86, p<0.05). Males exhibited a greater number of straight rugae, while wavy and curved patterns were prevalent in both genders. The most common tongue shape was U-shaped (55%), followed by V-shaped (36.5%) and bifid (8.5%), with significant gender differences (p<0.05). Smooth tongue borders were more frequent in females, whereas scalloped borders were more prevalent in males. Conclusion: The study highlights significant gender differences in palatal rugae patterns and tongue morphology, supporting their utility in forensic identification. These findings reinforce the importance of oral anatomical structures as adjunctive tools in forensic and anthropological studies. Further research incorporating digital analysis techniques may enhance identification accuracy.
Microdontia and hypodontia in two female skeletons from the Rovinj – St. Euphemia site
This case study focuses on two rare dental anomalies – unilateral microdontia and bilateral hypodontia – identified in two female skeletons excavated in a shared burial from the medieval and early modern cemetery of St. Euphemia in Rovinj, Croatia. Detailed anthropological and radiological analyses revealed the presence of microdontia in the right maxillary third molar of individual SU 298 and hypodontia affecting the maxillary lateral incisors of individual SU 299. These findings contribute to the understanding of dental variation in archaeological contexts and highlight the influence of genetic and environmental factors on these anomalies. The co-occurrence of anomalies and the shared burial context suggest a potential familial link, underlining the importance of integrating bioarcheological with molecular studies. This article provides deeper insight into the health of individuals and the wider population in Rovinj between the 15th and 17th centuries.
The applicability of Demirjian’s and Nolla’s dental age estimation methods for children in Surabaya, Indonesia
Accurate age estimation in children is crucial in various justice-related contexts, including adoption, asylum claims, and immigration cases. Additionally, dental age estimation plays a key role in treatment planning within pediatric dentistry and orthodontics. This study aimed to assess the applicability of two widely used dental age estimation methods, Demirjian and Nolla, for children aged 6 to 15 years in Surabaya, Indonesia. A total of 200 panoramic radiographs from the Dental Hospital, Universitas Airlangga were analyzed to compare chronological age (CA) and estimated dental age (DA). The results revealed significant differences between CA and DA when using the Demirjian method for males (p < 0.05) and the Nolla method for both sexes (p < 0.05). However, no statistically significant differences were observed for females using the Demirjian method. The Demirjian method demonstrated greater accuracy, with the lowest mean absolute error (MAE) of 0.92 years for males and 0.82 years for females, compared to the Nolla method, which showed an MAE of 1.10 years for males and 0.87 years for females. These findings suggest that the Demirjian method is more reliable, particularly for estimating the dental age of females in the Surabaya population. Additionally, the Demirjian method showed higher accuracy in younger children (ages 6–10 years), while the Nolla method performed better in older children (ages 11–15 years).
Analyzing orocraniofacial structures for sex estimation using advanced imaging technologies in forensic odontology: a review
Determining an individual's sex plays a vital role in their identification within forensic investigations. In determining sex especially in cases such as mass disasters, criminal acts, or conditions where visual identification is not possible, teeth and orocraniofacial bones can be used for the identification process due to their resistance to destruction or decomposition. Some parts of the skull that can be used to identify gender in unidentified victims include the mandible (measured from its mandibular ramus height, condylar mandible), maxillary sinus, mastoid process, foramen magnum. Nowadays, the use of advanced imaging in identifying sex as a non - invasive evaluation process during forensic investigation has been used to obtain more accurate information, such as Cone-Beam Computed Tomography (CBCT), Computed Tomography (CT), Magnetic Resonance Imaging (MRI), and Facial Reconstruction. The advantages of anatomical imaging applications with advanced imaging technique make it easier to be stored for a longer period of time, faster, and easier portability. In addition, Cone Beam Computed Tomography (CBCT) also offers accurate details of complex anatomical structures due to its ability for fast volumetric imaging with high resolution. Sex estimation through advanced imaging techniques using both morphometric and non-morphometric methods show size differences in male and female skulls. This study discusses an overview of the various methodologies and characteristics of advanced imaging techniques for sex estimation in craniofacial region and concludes that advanced imaging is a potential tool in forensic odontology for sex estimation, with the potency to improve efficiency and accuracy in forensic identification in the future. Keyword : sex estimation, forensic odontology, advanced imaging
Strontium isotope analysis of human dental enamel from a mass burial at Udhruh fortress, Southern Jordan: a paleomobility study
Udhruh Fortress in southern Jordan was constructed in AD 303–304 by the Roman Legionis VI Ferratae as part of the Limes Arabicus to serve as a stronghold against desert nomads. Recent excavations within the fortress have unearthed several unstratified skeletal remains, raising questions about their identity and origin. To address this, we conducted 87Sr/86Sr analysis on dental enamel from 10 individuals to determine their potential mobility, which mirrors the origin of ingested food during childhood and thus the geological region where individuals spent their early years. To establish a bioavailable strontium ratio for Udhruh fortress, we considered the published 87Sr/86Sr ratios from three sites near Udhruh, specifically Basta, Khirbet Nawafleh, and Dajaniah. All the reported strontium data were corrected against the NIST SRM987 standard by Wang and colleagues. The results of the study showed no migrations into the study area and showed a high probability of mobility between fortresses and/or sites in the study area. In other words, the sampled individuals were mostly Roman local legionnaires, thus supporting the notion that the identity of being "Roman" was linked to the formidable might and authority of the Roman state rather than cultural characteristics.
Bilateral odontogenic maxillary sinusitis due to advanced tooth wear in a female individual from late antiquity Philippopolis (Bulgaria)
ABSTRACT A rare case of bilateral odontogenic maxillary sinusitis associated with advanced tooth abrasion in a female individual from late antiquity Philippopolis is presented and discussed. Keywords: odontogenic maxillary sinusitis; tooth abrasion, late antiquity
Microbiological analysis in forensic identification and machine learning: a review
Microorganisms that share human body space and live in the surrounding environment carry specific microbial signatures in each individual and location. They interact continuously with the surrounding environment and this interaction may provide useful information. In the body of a deceased, microorganisms are called as thanatomicrobiome. This fact presents a promising alternative tool for human identification from the traditional identification methods (fingerprint and DNA analysis) in cases where the samples for those methods are unattainable. Microbiological analysis introduces the possibility of using microbiomes as identifiers in forensic investigation and their values can be directed into four aspects; PMI inference, individual identification, tissue or fluid identification and geolocation inference. Rapid technological advancement in artificial intelligence has been widely applied to a lot of disciplines including forensic science. The use of artificial intelligence enhances the accuracy of microbial identification. Numerous machine learning frameworks have been created such as RF, SVM, and ANN alongside the expansion of metagenomic databases. Along with this, concerns regarding limitation and ethical implication of the AI application in forensic microbiology arise. As more research are conducted, people may become aware of the importance of microbiome data and their privacy. There are also concerns regarding AI-generated analysis reports being used in judicial processes because of how inexplicable the way AI works. This paper summarizes the application of microbiological analysis in forensic identification and development of forensic microbiology with the aid of artificial intelligence, specifically the machine learning technique with few examples leaning towards forensic odontology (samples from oral cavity). Keywords: machine learning, forensic identification, microbiological, artificial intelligence
Comprehensive review: update in age estimation of forensic odontology
Forensic odontology is crucial for identifying individuals, particularly in cases of mass disasters and criminal investigations, where age estimation aids in reconstructing biological profiles of unidentified remains. Teeth are favored for age estimation due to their exceptional durability and resistance to heat, chemicals, decay, and various other factors. As teeth have a unique and durable structure, they serve as a reliable indicator for age estimation. Various methods can be used in age estimation on clinical, radiographic, and biological dental examinations. Visual methods are based on the tooth eruption and morphological parameter of aging, like attrition, deposition of secondary dentin, and discoloration. Radiographic method can be used with various analysis methods such as Schour and Massler, Adisty Atlas, modified Gleiser and Hunt, Demirjian scoring, Al-Qahtani method, Camerier, and crown and root formation stages with modified Moores method to provide valuable insights into the stages of tooth development. Additionally, DNA methylation offers a molecular approach with age-specific patterns. Complementary biological methods, such as telomere length measurement and secondary dentin analysis, further contribute to the accuracy of age assessments. Artificial intelligence (AI) has also been widely used especially in virtual autopsy in identifying a person based on age estimation. By integrating these diverse methodologies, forensic odontology can significantly improve the reliability of age estimations, providing critical information for legal and medical applications in the identification of both living and deceased individuals. This review emphasizes the importance of a multidisciplinary approach in advancing forensic odontology and enhancing age estimation techniques. Keyword : Age Estimation; DNA Methylation; Forensic Odontology
Gender determination by radiomorphometric analysis of permanent mandibular canines using orthopantomograms: an observational study
Introduction: Identification of unknown human remains is mainly done by establishing a biological profile in which sex determination is one of the key identifiers. The present study aims to analyze the sexual dimorphism exhibited by mandibular canines in the South Indian population. Materials and Method: A total of 250 orthopantomograms of adults aged 20 to 59 years were selected for the present observational study. The maximum mesiodistal diameter of the permanent mandibular canines was measured using Image J software. The maximum mesiodistal crown diameter at the height of the contour and the cervical line was considered. Results : An accuracy of 66.8% was obtained by the derived logistic regression formular. The maximum mesiodistal diameter at the HOC and cervix is higher in males compared to females. The index of Sexual Dimorphism calculations showed a higher value at the cervix than at the height of contour. Conclusion: Mesiodistal radiomorphometric measurements of mandibular canine can aid in gender determination in forensic odontology and paleodontology. The radiomorphometric measurements at the cervix show a better sexual dimorphism than the maximum crown diameter. Radiomorphometric measurements can be used as an aid in establishing the biological profile of unknown human remains.
A pilot study on ethnic variations and reverse sexual dimorphism in permanent teeth dimensions of sub-adult Santhal population of India
The teeth are resistant towards environmental and decomposition processes and can often be found in cases of mass disasters, charred or mutilated bodies. India is a land of diverse ethnicities and odontometric data of specific tribal populations is deficient. The Santhals are one of the largest tribal groups of India and exploring their dental traits will be useful in deciphering their biological profile, oral health and dietary patterns. The present study aims to explore sexual dimorphism in the tooth dimensions of sub-adult Santhal population and study their ethnic variations with other tribal population groups. A cross-sectional study was conducted on 100 participants (50M/ 50F) aged between 14-20 years of the Santhal origin. Direct measurements of 14 variables were taken intra-orally using digital vernier callipers. All the data was statistically analysed using SPSS.21.00. The mandibular canines showed the highest classification accuracy (MnRC=85%, MnLC=87%) in univariate discriminant function analysis. The mandibular left canine showed a sexing accuracy of 82.5% in the ROC Analysis. The maxillary and mandibular canine width of the Santhal females were smaller than those of the other north-eastern tribal groups. A statistically significant difference (p<0.001) was observed among the maxillary and mandibular canine width of the Santhals with the other tribal populations using one way-ANOVA. It can be concluded that population-specific data is important to aid in forensic investigations and orthodontic treatments and should be regularly updated because of secular and temporal changes.
Examining dental malpractice in Indonesia through case studies
Professional compatibility of dental practitioners in medico-legal practices is essential for modern healthcare, requiring alignment of competencies, ethical standards, and legal compliance to ensure effective and safe patient care. This study examines the professional and legal challenges faced by dental practitioners in Indonesia through a qualitative case study analysis of two significant dental malpractice cases adjudicated by the Supreme Court in Jakarta (2016) and Denpasar, Bali (2015). The research reviews legal documents, court rulings, and medical records, supplemented by expert consultations and comparative analysis. The findings emphasize the importance of accurate medical records, effective communication, informed consent, and adherence to professional standards. This paper highlights the implications for the Indonesian healthcare system, advocating for enhanced communication skills, continuous education, and clearer guidelines to protect patient rights and guide practitioners. These insights provide valuable lessons for improving healthcare delivery, safeguarding patient rights, and reducing medical malpractice, contributing to a more robust and patient-centric healthcare system in Indonesia.
Dental developmental defects due to mercurial treatment in a child from Late Middle Age Getap (Armenia)
The morphology of the teeth can vary due to genetic factors, infectious diseases and other environmental stresses. In the past, treatment of congenital syphilis with mercury also interrupted dental processes. This resulted in significantly different dental signs. An incomplete skeleton of a 1.5-year-old child with suspected congenital syphilis was found in the Getap monument of Armenia. Part of the skeleton was recovered, and only the teeth and the skull show changes. These dental abnormalities resemble teeth affected by mercurial treatment in congenital syphilitic patients as described by Hutchinson. This is the first probable case of congenital syphilis from Armenia.