Bulletin of the International Association for Paleodontology
type: channel
description: AIMS AND SCOPE: Bulletin of the International Association for Paleodontology is an interdisciplinary open access online journal inviting and welcoming contributions from anthropology, bioarchaeology, paleodontology and related fields. The journal publishes papers and develops discussions on a wide range of research problems, e.g. methodo-logy and methods of bioarchaeological, and anthropological research, including field and laboratory study techniques; information technologies; bioarchaeological reconstruction; human evolution; etc. The journal also publishes results of field investigations conducted by bioarchaeologists, anthropologists, osteologists, and announcements of symposia and professional meetings. It is the goal of this publication to provide authors with an international forum for the presentation of their materials and ideas. Bulletin of the International Association for Paleodontology is published two times a year (spring and autumn). Before submitting a manuscript, please read carefully our Instructions for authors, Review policy and Ethics policy. ISSN: 1846-6273 (Online) WEB: https://paleodontology.com/journal/ PUBLISHER: International Association for Paleodontology FIRST YEAR OF PUBLICATION: 2007 SCIENTIFIC DISCIPLINES AND SUBDISCIPLINES: Biomedicine and Healthcare; Dental Medicine; Humanistic Sciences; Archeology; Ethnology and Anthropology RIGHTS: Bulletin of the International Association for Paleodontology is an Open Access journal. All con-tent is made freely available. Users are allowed to copy and redistribute, and alter, transform, or build upon the material as long as they attribute the source in an appropriate manner. Users can not use the materials for commercial purposes without previous arrangement with the publisher. No article processing charges. No article submission charges. INDEXING: Bulletin of the International Association for Paleodontology is indexed in: • SCOPUS • DOAJ (Directory of open access journals) • EBSCO • Genamics Jo…
publisher: International Association for Paleodontology
language: en
publication name: Bulletin of the International Association for Paleodontology
issn: 1846-6273
items: Analysis of the craniodental pathology of skulls from the 1st century BC – 3rd century from the monuments Shirakavan, Karmrakar (Armenia) and Bokany (Moldova)
items: Tooth wear among the indigenous Dayak Kenyah of Sungai Bawang village, East Kalimantan, Indonesia: a forensic anthropological perspective
items: Sex determination using odontometric and anthropometric dimensions of 5-6-year-old children
items: The use of ear morphoscopy and morphometry in sex determination: a case report
items: Radiomorphometric analysis of mandibular symphysis and ramus heights on panoramic radiographs for sex determination in Surabaya, Indonesia
items: Fluorosis and caries in prehistoric populations of Papua Indonesia
items: Tooth regeneration using USAG-1 gene: a review
items: Torus palatinus and torus mandibularis as supplementary indicators in forensic human identification: a systematic review
items: Forensic odontology for edentulous cases – a diagnostic bereft
items: Knowledge and awareness of medicolegal aspects among dental practitioners in rural, urban, and suburban areas of Indonesia: a cross-sectional study
items: Palatal rugae pattern and tongue print as a potential tool for gender identification in forensic odontology: a cross-sectional study
items: Microdontia and hypodontia in two female skeletons from the Rovinj – St. Euphemia site
items: The applicability of Demirjian’s and Nolla’s dental age estimation methods for children in Surabaya, Indonesia
items: Analyzing orocraniofacial structures for sex estimation using advanced imaging technologies in forensic odontology: a review
items: Strontium isotope analysis of human dental enamel from a mass burial at Udhruh fortress, Southern Jordan: a paleomobility study
items: Bilateral odontogenic maxillary sinusitis due to advanced tooth wear in a female individual from late antiquity Philippopolis (Bulgaria)
items: Microbiological analysis in forensic identification and machine learning: a review
items: Comprehensive review: update in age estimation of forensic odontology
items: Gender determination by radiomorphometric analysis of permanent mandibular canines using orthopantomograms: an observational study
items: A pilot study on ethnic variations and reverse sexual dimorphism in permanent teeth dimensions of sub-adult Santhal population of India
items: Examining dental malpractice in Indonesia through case studies
items: Dental developmental defects due to mercurial treatment in a child from Late Middle Age Getap (Armenia)
items: Prehistoric populations from Gua Bedug in the context of early-mid holocene of Java, Indonesia
items: Sex determination from dry mandibles using metric methods
items: From tradition to technology: artificial intelligence advancements in dental age estimation
items: Forensic Assessment of Trauma Using Periodontal Tissues Evaluation: possibilities and future perspectives
items: Reviewing in the Different Types of Heavy Materials in the Human Teeth
items: Dental age estimation in individuals from a Brazilian archaeological collection through the analysis of the pulp/tooth area ratio in canines
items: Analysis of Dental Collagen Cross-Linking and Carbonate Mineral Integration from Roman/Byzantine Sites in Jordan Using ATR-FTIR Spectroscopy
items: Human Dental Wear on the Late Holocene Populations, Papua-Indonesia

Analysis of the craniodental pathology of skulls from the 1st century BC – 3rd century from the monuments Shirakavan, Karmrakar (Armenia) and Bokany (Moldova)
type: item
description: This study examines cranial remains from several archaeological sites in Armenia and Moldova, including Shirakavan, Karmrakar, and Bokny. The analysis documents a range of skeletal modifications and pathologies, including porotic hyperostosis associated with iron deficiency anemia, enamel hypoplasia, periodontitis, and antemortem tooth loss. Fluctuating dental asymmetry was observed, likely reflecting environmental stress during tooth development. Cranial deformation, achieved through circular bandaging, is documented in multiple individuals, producing characteristic modifications such as receding foreheads and tower-shaped vaults. Evidence of trepanation, including a case in an 8-10-year-old child, demonstrates the use of drilling techniques and subsequent healing, suggesting both medical and possibly ritual significance. Traumatic injuries caused by blunt force and decapitation are also recorded, highlighting episodes of interpersonal violence. A unique find of a severed skull with traces of ritual modification further indicates complex mortuary practices in the region. Overall, these data provide insights into the health, cultural behaviors, and ritual practices of past populations in Armenia and Moldova.
subject: Articles
  topic: section
creator: Anahit Yurevna Khudaverdyan
creator: Yevgeny Vasilievich Yaravoy
creator: Alexandru Hilarion Postolachi
rights: Copyright (c) 2025
date: 2025-12-28
publication date: 2025-12-28

Tooth wear among the indigenous Dayak Kenyah of Sungai Bawang village, East Kalimantan, Indonesia: a forensic anthropological perspective
type: item
description: Abstract In forensic anthropology, tooth wear is a critical indicator of diet, age, and cultural habits. The Dayak Kenyah population is primarily involved in hunting and shifting cultivation. However, in this study population, they currently reside close to urban areas. Understanding the effects of modernization, especially regarding dietary changes, can be achieved by clinically observing tooth wear among indigenous populations. This study investigated clinical dental wear in the modern-day Dayak Kenyah population, focusing on incisal and occlusal surfaces and their correlations with age and sex. Most individuals reported mild to moderate tooth wear. The incisal teeth exhibited higher wear than the occlusal teeth. Age and tooth wear were positively related, and no significant differences were observed between men and women. Modern lifestyles may influence the diet that could affect tooth wear, despite the traditional ways such as hunting and shifting cultivation. These findings reveal that cultural and diet changes affect tooth wear in indigenous populations. Keywords: Tooth wear, Dayak Kenyah, Indigenous people, dental anthropology, forensic anthropology
subject: Articles
  topic: section
creator: Maria Istiqomah Marini
creator: An’nisaa Chusida
creator: Beta Novia Rizky
creator: Arofi Kurniawan
rights: Copyright (c) 2025
date: 2025-12-28
publication date: 2025-12-28

Sex determination using odontometric and anthropometric dimensions of 5-6-year-old children
type: item
description: Introduction: Forensic dentistry encompasses the handling, examination, and evaluation of dental evidence within a criminal justice context. It deals with the dental evidence obtained from various events such as road accidents, natural calamities, illegal activities, and crime scenes. Studies to assess the sexual dimorphism in children, especially using odontometric and anthropometric measurements, have rarely been published. Therefore we designed this study to evaluate sexual dimorphism using odontometric and anthropometric parameters in children from Tamil Nadu. Materials and methods: The present study was conducted on 63 female and 50 male children aged 5-6 years. Linear measurements for Mesio Distal Width, Inter Canine Distance, Index Finger Length, Ring Finger Length, Foot Breadth and Foot Length were made. Maxillary Canine Index, Mandibular Canine Index, Hand Index, and Foot Index were calculated from these linear measurements. Statistical Package for the Social Science version 20.0 software was used for statistical analysis. Results and conclusion: Sexual dimorphism was evident in most odontometric and anthropometric parameters in children. Using a combination of odontometric and anthropometric parameters in an equation for gender determination in children resulted in better accuracy. We derived two formulae for sex determination using discriminant function analysis. Their accuracies were 75.2% and 81.4%. Keywords: forensic anthropology; linear measurements; discriminant function analysis
subject: Articles
  topic: section
creator: Pradap Sivakumar
creator: Prasad Harikrishnan
creator: Rajmohan Muthusamy
creator: SriChinthu KenniyanKumar
creator: Perumal Viswanathan
creator: Shanmuganathan Sivanandhan
rights: Copyright (c) 2025
date: 2025-12-28
publication date: 2025-12-28

The use of ear morphoscopy and morphometry in sex determination: a case report
type: item
description: Sex determination is an important aspect in forensic investigations. Human ears are considered unique, as they have distinctive morphological and morphometric features that allow sex determination and may be use as adjunct evidence. This case report highlights the sex identification of two deceased Indonesian males aged 33 and 76 years by evaluating their ear morphoscopy and morphoscopic measurements. Photographs were taken of the ears of both deceased individuals. Morphoscopic evaluations included evaluations of the Darwin’s tubercle, helix form, earlobe form, and earlobe attachment. The morphometric measurements included measurements of the left ear height, left ear width, left lobule height, and left lobule width. The results were compared to those of previous studies. From morphoscopy evaluations and morphometric measurements, both victims were identified as male. In conclusion, ear morphoscopy and ear morphometry can be used as tools for sex determination with accurate data from the respective population to elevate the accuracy of the measurements. Keywords: ear morphoscopy; ear morphometry; sex determination; forensic
subject: Articles
  topic: section
creator: Indhra Cahyanita
creator: Ade Firmansyah Sugiharto
creator: Putu Melati Suci Kusuma
creator: Andi Nur Sakina Tri Meilana
creator: Ken Sekar Langit
creator: Elza Ibrahim Auerkari
rights: Copyright (c) 2025
date: 2025-12-28
publication date: 2025-12-28

Radiomorphometric analysis of mandibular symphysis and ramus heights on panoramic radiographs for sex determination in Surabaya, Indonesia
type: item
description: Sex determination is a fundamental aspect of biological profile reconstruction in forensic identification. Previous studies recommended the mandible as a valuable indicator for this matter. This study aimed to evaluate mandibular morphometric parameters on panoramic radiographs using an open-source software for sex determination in Surabaya, Indonesia. This study analyzed 57 digital panoramic radiographs (22 males, 35 females; age range 18–40 years) from the Dental Hospital, Universitas Airlangga. Ten mandibular metrics were evaluated with ImageJ software and analyzed using discriminant function analysis (DFA) to identify sexually dimorphic variables. Among these, Symphysis Height (Sym) and Right Ramus Height (RaH_R) were the most reliable indicators. The discriminant function model achieved an overall correct classification of 85.96% (86.4% for males and 85.7% for females). Future studies with larger and more diverse samples, 3D imaging modalities, and advanced analytical methods, such as machine learning, are needed to strengthen forensic applicability and improve accuracy in human identification. Keywords: Indonesians; legal identity; mandibular ramus; mandibular symphysis; morphometric analysis; sex determination
subject: Articles
  topic: section
creator: Arofi Kurniawan
creator: Titian Fauzi Nurrahman
creator: An’nisaa Chusida
creator: Beta Novia Rizky
creator: Maria Istiqomah Marini
creator: Nanda Naifa Widyadhana Nugroho
creator: Shofwany Salsabila
creator: Rabiah Al-Adawiyah Rahmat
creator: Anand Marya
rights: Copyright (c) 2025
date: 2025-12-28
publication date: 2025-12-28

Fluorosis and caries in prehistoric populations of Papua Indonesia
type: item
description: This study examines the prevalence and association of two major dental pathology-fluorosis and caries- in prehistoric populations from Papua, Indonesia. A total of 73 teeth from 55 individuals were analyzed using the Tooth Surface Index of Fluorosis (TSIF) alongside standard diagnostic methods for detecting caries. The study involved examining the teeth using Novex Holland, and Bresser microscopes, followed by the application of statistical methods, such as Pearson’s correlation and linear regression, to analyze the relationship between fluorosis and caries. The findings revealed high rates of fluorosis, whereas caries appeared less frequently. These outcomes suggest a potential inverse correlation, likely resulting from prolonged fluoride intake through naturally sourced water. This research offers valuable insights into the oral health of ancient populations and highlights the importance of further studies on how environmental and biological elements influence dental diseases in tropical climates.
subject: Articles
  topic: section
creator: Marlin Tolla
creator: Taufiqurrahman Setiawan
creator: Hari Suroto
creator: Bau Mene
creator: Restu Budi Sulistiyo
rights: Copyright (c) 2025
date: 2025-12-28
publication date: 2025-12-28

Tooth regeneration using USAG-1 gene: a review
type: item
description: A groundbreaking teeth regeneration drug, developed by Japanese researchers, suppresses tooth growth, offering a potential alternative to dentures and other dental prosthetic replacements. Clinical trials begun recently, with promising outcomes expected. This innovative therapy could revolutionise dental care for patients with missing teeth. Keywords: USAG-1; tooth regeneration
subject: Articles
  topic: section
creator: Resham Pakhmode
creator: Vivek Pakhmode
rights: Copyright (c) 2025
date: 2025-12-28
publication date: 2025-12-28

Torus palatinus and torus mandibularis as supplementary indicators in forensic human identification: a systematic review
type: item
description: Background: Torus palatinus and torus mandibularis are benign bony outgrowths often discovered incidentally during dental examinations. While usually asymptomatic, they can hinder prosthetic treatments. Their distinct morphology, population-specific prevalence, and rarity make them potential markers for forensic human identification. Objective: This systematic review evaluates oral tori as distinctive traits in forensic applications, emphasizing their prevalence, morphology, etiology, and clinical and forensic significance. Methods: A literature search (2015–2025) was conducted in PubMed, Scopus, ScienceDirect, and Google Scholar following PRISMA guidelines. Eligible studies included original research, reviews, and case reports on oral tori or exostoses with forensic or epidemiological relevance. Non-English, animal-based, and treatment-focused studies were excluded. Additional relevant sources were reviewed to supplement the analysis. A total of 376 records were retrieved, and after screening and eligibility assessment, 36 studies were included in the review. Results: Oral tori exhibit variation across populations and sexes and are morphologically diverse, though they are typically small and asymptomatic. Their development is influenced by both genetic and environmental factors. While clinically benign, they can present challenges in prosthetic rehabilitation. Forensically, their population-specific patterns make them valuable non-metric traits, particularly when recorded in dental records to assist identification in the absence of primary markers. Conclusion: Oral tori serve as clinically relevant and population-specific traits that hold value in both dental care and forensic human identification Keywords: torus palatinus; torus mandibularis; forensic odontology; forensic identification
subject: Articles
  topic: section
creator: Almasyifa Herlingga Rahmasari Amin
creator: Elza Ibrahim Auerkari
rights: Copyright (c) 2025
date: 2025-12-28
publication date: 2025-12-28

Forensic odontology for edentulous cases – a diagnostic bereft
type: item
description: Not applicable since it is a letter to editor.
subject: Articles
  topic: section
creator: Sayem Mulla
rights: Copyright (c) 2025
date: 2025-06-24
publication date: 2025-06-24

Knowledge and awareness of medicolegal aspects among dental practitioners in rural, urban, and suburban areas of Indonesia: a cross-sectional study
type: item
description: Dental professionals need comprehensive knowledge of both clinical and medicolegal aspects to manage patient care effectively. In Indonesia, diverse geographic and socio-economic conditions in rural, urban, and suburban areas present unique challenges. This study evaluates the medicolegal knowledge and awareness among dental practitioners in these varied practice settings. An observational analytic cross-sectional study was conducted with 274 dental practitioners from Indonesia's rural, urban, and suburban areas. Data were collected through an online survey assessing knowledge and awareness of medicolegal aspects in dental practice. Knowledge was measured with ten specific questions, with scores above 7.5 indicating satisfactory knowledge. Awareness was evaluated using 22 Likert-scale statements, with scores over 66 reflecting high awareness. Statistical analysis, including the Chi-square test, compared knowledge and awareness across different regions and examined these factors' correlations. The study found no significant differences in medicolegal knowledge and awareness based on practice location (p>0.05). 85.8% of respondents had inadequate knowledge, while 65.7% demonstrated satisfactory awareness. Additionally, workload did not significantly affect knowledge or awareness (p>0.05). Geographic location, workload, and gender do not significantly impact dental practitioners' medicolegal knowledge and awareness in Indonesia. However, the study highlights a substantial gap in knowledge, underscoring the need for enhanced education and training in this area to improve the legal proficiency of dental professionals. Keywords: Medicolegal; knowledge; awareness; dental practitioner; legal remedy
subject: Articles
  topic: section
creator: Beta Novia Rizky
creator: Ahmad Yudianto
creator: An'nisaa Chusida
creator: Aisyah Rachmadani Putri Gofur
creator: Beshlina Fitri Widayanti Roosyanto Prakoeswa
creator: Mahbengi Rizna
creator: Shabrina Belva Yannora
creator: Anand Marya
creator: Arofi Kurniawan
rights: Copyright (c) 2025
date: 2025-06-24
publication date: 2025-06-24

Palatal rugae pattern and tongue print as a potential tool for gender identification in forensic odontology: a cross-sectional study
type: item
description: Background: Palatal rugae and tongue morphology have been widely studied for their potential applications in forensic identification and anthropology. Their uniqueness and stability make them valuable markers for gender differentiation. This study aimed to analyse the palatal rugae and tongue morphology in a selected population and assess their applicability in gender identification. Methods: A total of 200 participants (100 males and 100 females) were enrolled in this observational study. Palatal rugae were recorded using maxillary casts and classified based on number, shape, length, direction, and unification. Tongue morphology was assessed using standardized photographs, focusing on shape, border, and fissures. Statistical analysis was conducted to determine gender-based differences. Results: The mean number of total palatal rugae was significantly higher in males (9.13 ± 2.08) compared to females (8.47 ± 1.86, p<0.05). Males exhibited a greater number of straight rugae, while wavy and curved patterns were prevalent in both genders. The most common tongue shape was U-shaped (55%), followed by V-shaped (36.5%) and bifid (8.5%), with significant gender differences (p<0.05). Smooth tongue borders were more frequent in females, whereas scalloped borders were more prevalent in males. Conclusion: The study highlights significant gender differences in palatal rugae patterns and tongue morphology, supporting their utility in forensic identification. These findings reinforce the importance of oral anatomical structures as adjunctive tools in forensic and anthropological studies. Further research incorporating digital analysis techniques may enhance identification accuracy.
subject: Articles
  topic: section
creator: Prajakta Khelkar
creator: Ayushi Mangulkar
creator: Bharathi S
creator: Sanpreet Singh Sachdev
creator: Freny Karjodkar
creator: Aswathi Unnikrishnan
rights: Copyright (c) 2025
date: 2025-06-24
publication date: 2025-06-24

Microdontia and hypodontia in two female skeletons from the Rovinj – St. Euphemia site
type: item
description: This case study focuses on two rare dental anomalies – unilateral microdontia and bilateral hypodontia – identified in two female skeletons excavated in a shared burial from the medieval and early modern cemetery of St. Euphemia in Rovinj, Croatia. Detailed anthropological and radiological analyses revealed the presence of microdontia in the right maxillary third molar of individual SU 298 and hypodontia affecting the maxillary lateral incisors of individual SU 299. These findings contribute to the understanding of dental variation in archaeological contexts and highlight the influence of genetic and environmental factors on these anomalies. The co-occurrence of anomalies and the shared burial context suggest a potential familial link, underlining the importance of integrating bioarcheological with molecular studies. This article provides deeper insight into the health of individuals and the wider population in Rovinj between the 15th and 17th centuries.
subject: Articles
  topic: section
creator: Laura Vranješ
creator: Anamarija Uglešić
rights: Copyright (c) 2025
date: 2025-06-24
publication date: 2025-06-24

The applicability of Demirjian’s and Nolla’s dental age estimation methods for children in Surabaya, Indonesia
type: item
description: Accurate age estimation in children is crucial in various justice-related contexts, including adoption, asylum claims, and immigration cases. Additionally, dental age estimation plays a key role in treatment planning within pediatric dentistry and orthodontics. This study aimed to assess the applicability of two widely used dental age estimation methods, Demirjian and Nolla, for children aged 6 to 15 years in Surabaya, Indonesia. A total of 200 panoramic radiographs from the Dental Hospital, Universitas Airlangga were analyzed to compare chronological age (CA) and estimated dental age (DA). The results revealed significant differences between CA and DA when using the Demirjian method for males (p < 0.05) and the Nolla method for both sexes (p < 0.05). However, no statistically significant differences were observed for females using the Demirjian method. The Demirjian method demonstrated greater accuracy, with the lowest mean absolute error (MAE) of 0.92 years for males and 0.82 years for females, compared to the Nolla method, which showed an MAE of 1.10 years for males and 0.87 years for females. These findings suggest that the Demirjian method is more reliable, particularly for estimating the dental age of females in the Surabaya population. Additionally, the Demirjian method showed higher accuracy in younger children (ages 6–10 years), while the Nolla method performed better in older children (ages 11–15 years).
subject: Articles
  topic: section
creator: Arofi Kurniawan
creator: An'nisaa Chusida
creator: Maria Istiqomah Marini
creator: Beta Novia Rizky
creator: Beshlina Fitri Widayanti Roosyanto Prakoeswa
creator: Patricia Shankar Jethani
creator: Jeremy Matthew Emmanuella Lomo
creator: Rafi Danabrata
creator: Anand Marya
creator: Aspalilah Alias
creator: Rabiah Al-Adawiyah Rahmat
rights: Copyright (c) 2025
date: 2025-06-24
publication date: 2025-06-24

Analyzing orocraniofacial structures for sex estimation using advanced imaging technologies in forensic odontology: a review
type: item
description: Determining an individual's sex plays a vital role in their identification within forensic investigations. In determining sex especially in cases such as mass disasters, criminal acts, or conditions where visual identification is not possible, teeth and orocraniofacial bones can be used for the identification process due to their resistance to destruction or decomposition. Some parts of the skull that can be used to identify gender in unidentified victims include the mandible (measured from its mandibular ramus height, condylar mandible), maxillary sinus, mastoid process, foramen magnum. Nowadays, the use of advanced imaging in identifying sex as a non - invasive evaluation process during forensic investigation has been used to obtain more accurate information, such as Cone-Beam Computed Tomography (CBCT), Computed Tomography (CT), Magnetic Resonance Imaging (MRI), and Facial Reconstruction. The advantages of anatomical imaging applications with advanced imaging technique make it easier to be stored for a longer period of time, faster, and easier portability. In addition, Cone Beam Computed Tomography (CBCT) also offers accurate details of complex anatomical structures due to its ability for fast volumetric imaging with high resolution. Sex estimation through advanced imaging techniques using both morphometric and non-morphometric methods show size differences in male and female skulls. This study discusses an overview of the various methodologies and characteristics of advanced imaging techniques for sex estimation in craniofacial region and concludes that advanced imaging is a potential tool in forensic odontology for sex estimation, with the potency to improve efficiency and accuracy in forensic identification in the future. Keyword : sex estimation, forensic odontology, advanced imaging
subject: Articles
  topic: section
creator: Nisrina Saputri
creator: Elza Ibrahim Auerkari
creator: Roben Pasaribu
rights: Copyright (c) 2025
date: 2025-06-24
publication date: 2025-06-24

Strontium isotope analysis of human dental enamel from a mass burial at Udhruh fortress, Southern Jordan: a paleomobility study
type: item
description: Udhruh Fortress in southern Jordan was constructed in AD 303–304 by the Roman Legionis VI Ferratae as part of the Limes Arabicus to serve as a stronghold against desert nomads. Recent excavations within the fortress have unearthed several unstratified skeletal remains, raising questions about their identity and origin. To address this, we conducted 87Sr/86Sr analysis on dental enamel from 10 individuals to determine their potential mobility, which mirrors the origin of ingested food during childhood and thus the geological region where individuals spent their early years. To establish a bioavailable strontium ratio for Udhruh fortress, we considered the published 87Sr/86Sr ratios from three sites near Udhruh, specifically Basta, Khirbet Nawafleh, and Dajaniah. All the reported strontium data were corrected against the NIST SRM987 standard by Wang and colleagues. The results of the study showed no migrations into the study area and showed a high probability of mobility between fortresses and/or sites in the study area. In other words, the sampled individuals were mostly Roman local legionnaires, thus supporting the notion that the identity of being "Roman" was linked to the formidable might and authority of the Roman state rather than cultural characteristics.
subject: Articles
  topic: section
creator: Abdulla Alshorman
creator: Mansour Shqairat
creator: Fawzi Abudanah
rights: Copyright (c) 2025
date: 2025-06-24
publication date: 2025-06-24

Bilateral odontogenic maxillary sinusitis due to advanced tooth wear in a female individual from late antiquity Philippopolis (Bulgaria)
type: item
description: ABSTRACT A rare case of bilateral odontogenic maxillary sinusitis associated with advanced tooth abrasion in a female individual from late antiquity Philippopolis is presented and discussed. Keywords: odontogenic maxillary sinusitis; tooth abrasion, late antiquity
subject: Articles
  topic: section
creator: Georgi Tomchev Tomov
creator: Maria Mutafchieva
rights: Copyright (c) 2025
date: 2025-06-24
publication date: 2025-06-24

Microbiological analysis in forensic identification and machine learning: a review
type: item
description: Microorganisms that share human body space and live in the surrounding environment carry specific microbial signatures in each individual and location. They interact continuously with the surrounding environment and this interaction may provide useful information. In the body of a deceased, microorganisms are called as thanatomicrobiome. This fact presents a promising alternative tool for human identification from the traditional identification methods (fingerprint and DNA analysis) in cases where the samples for those methods are unattainable. Microbiological analysis introduces the possibility of using microbiomes as identifiers in forensic investigation and their values can be directed into four aspects; PMI inference, individual identification, tissue or fluid identification and geolocation inference. Rapid technological advancement in artificial intelligence has been widely applied to a lot of disciplines including forensic science. The use of artificial intelligence enhances the accuracy of microbial identification. Numerous machine learning frameworks have been created such as RF, SVM, and ANN alongside the expansion of metagenomic databases. Along with this, concerns regarding limitation and ethical implication of the AI application in forensic microbiology arise. As more research are conducted, people may become aware of the importance of microbiome data and their privacy. There are also concerns regarding AI-generated analysis reports being used in judicial processes because of how inexplicable the way AI works. This paper summarizes the application of microbiological analysis in forensic identification and development of forensic microbiology with the aid of artificial intelligence, specifically the machine learning technique with few examples leaning towards forensic odontology (samples from oral cavity). Keywords: machine learning, forensic identification, microbiological, artificial intelligence
subject: Articles
  topic: section
creator: Aminah Zahrah
creator: Elza Ibrahim Auerkari
creator: Nur Sakina Tri Meilana Andi
rights: Copyright (c) 2025
date: 2025-06-24
publication date: 2025-06-24

Comprehensive review: update in age estimation of forensic odontology
type: item
description: Forensic odontology is crucial for identifying individuals, particularly in cases of mass disasters and criminal investigations, where age estimation aids in reconstructing biological profiles of unidentified remains. Teeth are favored for age estimation due to their exceptional durability and resistance to heat, chemicals, decay, and various other factors. As teeth have a unique and durable structure, they serve as a reliable indicator for age estimation. Various methods can be used in age estimation on clinical, radiographic, and biological dental examinations. Visual methods are based on the tooth eruption and morphological parameter of aging, like attrition, deposition of secondary dentin, and discoloration. Radiographic method can be used with various analysis methods such as Schour and Massler, Adisty Atlas, modified Gleiser and Hunt, Demirjian scoring, Al-Qahtani method, Camerier, and crown and root formation stages with modified Moores method to provide valuable insights into the stages of tooth development. Additionally, DNA methylation offers a molecular approach with age-specific patterns. Complementary biological methods, such as telomere length measurement and secondary dentin analysis, further contribute to the accuracy of age assessments. Artificial intelligence (AI) has also been widely used especially in virtual autopsy in identifying a person based on age estimation. By integrating these diverse methodologies, forensic odontology can significantly improve the reliability of age estimations, providing critical information for legal and medical applications in the identification of both living and deceased individuals. This review emphasizes the importance of a multidisciplinary approach in advancing forensic odontology and enhancing age estimation techniques. Keyword : Age Estimation; DNA Methylation; Forensic Odontology
subject: Articles
  topic: section
creator: Ananda Nandita Dewana
creator: Elza Ibrahim Auerkari
creator: Andi Nur Sakina Trimeilana
rights: Copyright (c) 2025
date: 2025-06-24
publication date: 2025-06-24

Gender determination by radiomorphometric analysis of permanent mandibular canines using orthopantomograms: an observational study
type: item
description: Introduction: Identification of unknown human remains is mainly done by establishing a biological profile in which sex determination is one of the key identifiers. The present study aims to analyze the sexual dimorphism exhibited by mandibular canines in the South Indian population. Materials and Method: A total of 250 orthopantomograms of adults aged 20 to 59 years were selected for the present observational study. The maximum mesiodistal diameter of the permanent mandibular canines was measured using Image J software. The maximum mesiodistal crown diameter at the height of the contour and the cervical line was considered. Results : An accuracy of 66.8% was obtained by the derived logistic regression formular. The maximum mesiodistal diameter at the HOC and cervix is higher in males compared to females. The index of Sexual Dimorphism calculations showed a higher value at the cervix than at the height of contour. Conclusion: Mesiodistal radiomorphometric measurements of mandibular canine can aid in gender determination in forensic odontology and paleodontology. The radiomorphometric measurements at the cervix show a better sexual dimorphism than the maximum crown diameter. Radiomorphometric measurements can be used as an aid in establishing the biological profile of unknown human remains.
subject: Articles
  topic: section
creator: Bhavani Nagendra Sangala
creator: M. S. Munishekhar
creator: Kirti Buva
creator: Kiran Kumar Ganji
creator: Sheetal Choudhary
creator: Sandhya Rani
creator: Sanpreet Singh Sachdev
rights: Copyright (c) 2024
date: 2024-12-21
publication date: 2024-12-21

A pilot study on ethnic variations and reverse sexual dimorphism in permanent teeth dimensions of sub-adult Santhal population of India
type: item
description: The teeth are resistant towards environmental and decomposition processes and can often be found in cases of mass disasters, charred or mutilated bodies. India is a land of diverse ethnicities and odontometric data of specific tribal populations is deficient. The Santhals are one of the largest tribal groups of India and exploring their dental traits will be useful in deciphering their biological profile, oral health and dietary patterns. The present study aims to explore sexual dimorphism in the tooth dimensions of sub-adult Santhal population and study their ethnic variations with other tribal population groups. A cross-sectional study was conducted on 100 participants (50M/ 50F) aged between 14-20 years of the Santhal origin. Direct measurements of 14 variables were taken intra-orally using digital vernier callipers. All the data was statistically analysed using SPSS.21.00. The mandibular canines showed the highest classification accuracy (MnRC=85%, MnLC=87%) in univariate discriminant function analysis. The mandibular left canine showed a sexing accuracy of 82.5% in the ROC Analysis. The maxillary and mandibular canine width of the Santhal females were smaller than those of the other north-eastern tribal groups. A statistically significant difference (p<0.001) was observed among the maxillary and mandibular canine width of the Santhals with the other tribal populations using one way-ANOVA. It can be concluded that population-specific data is important to aid in forensic investigations and orthodontic treatments and should be regularly updated because of secular and temporal changes.
subject: Articles
  topic: section
creator: vineeta saini
creator: Arunima Dutta
rights: Copyright (c) 2024
date: 2024-12-21
publication date: 2024-12-21

Examining dental malpractice in Indonesia through case studies
type: item
description: Professional compatibility of dental practitioners in medico-legal practices is essential for modern healthcare, requiring alignment of competencies, ethical standards, and legal compliance to ensure effective and safe patient care. This study examines the professional and legal challenges faced by dental practitioners in Indonesia through a qualitative case study analysis of two significant dental malpractice cases adjudicated by the Supreme Court in Jakarta (2016) and Denpasar, Bali (2015). The research reviews legal documents, court rulings, and medical records, supplemented by expert consultations and comparative analysis. The findings emphasize the importance of accurate medical records, effective communication, informed consent, and adherence to professional standards. This paper highlights the implications for the Indonesian healthcare system, advocating for enhanced communication skills, continuous education, and clearer guidelines to protect patient rights and guide practitioners. These insights provide valuable lessons for improving healthcare delivery, safeguarding patient rights, and reducing medical malpractice, contributing to a more robust and patient-centric healthcare system in Indonesia.
subject: Articles
  topic: section
creator: Beta Novia Rizky
creator: Arofi Kurniawan
creator: Achmad Zam Zam Aghasy
creator: An'nisaa Chusida
creator: Mieke Sylvia Margaretha
creator: Beshlina Fitri Widayanti Roosyanto Prakoeswa
creator: Mirza Khairina
creator: Fidelya Mahadeviani Arfianto
creator: Anand Marya
rights: Copyright (c) 2024
date: 2024-12-21
publication date: 2024-12-21

Dental developmental defects due to mercurial treatment in a child from Late Middle Age Getap (Armenia)
type: item
description: The morphology of the teeth can vary due to genetic factors, infectious diseases and other environmental stresses. In the past, treatment of congenital syphilis with mercury also interrupted dental processes. This resulted in significantly different dental signs. An incomplete skeleton of a 1.5-year-old child with suspected congenital syphilis was found in the Getap monument of Armenia. Part of the skeleton was recovered, and only the teeth and the skull show changes. These dental abnormalities resemble teeth affected by mercurial treatment in congenital syphilitic patients as described by Hutchinson. This is the first probable case of congenital syphilis from Armenia.
subject: Articles
  topic: section
creator: Anahit Yurevna Khudaverdyan
creator: Husik A. Melkonyan
creator: Inessa A. Karapetyan
creator: Hasmik Z. Margaryan
rights: Copyright (c) 2024
date: 2024-12-21
publication date: 2024-12-21

Prehistoric populations from Gua Bedug in the context of early-mid holocene of Java, Indonesia
type: item
description: Until recently, there has been little prehistoric research to reveal the early arrival of modern humans on the north coast of Java, Indonesia. The focus of previous research has been more on the southern part of the island. Our research in the karst area of the Rembang Zone in the northern coast of Central Java has recovered human remains which offer potential new insights on the early occupation of Java Island by modern humans, especially during the Early-Mid Holocene. In this paper, we present the results of analyses of 29 dental specimens found in Gua Bedug, Rembang Residency. The analyses were conducted mainly to determine racial affinities based on dental metric and morphology. The results show that the human inhabitants of the Gua Bedug around 5.800 BP came from two population affinities, namely Australo-Melanesian and East Asian, highlighting the diversity of human inhabitants of the region during that period of time. The results also suggest that the occupation of the north coast of Java during the Plestocene-Holocene transition, around 12.000 BP, was more complex than previously thought.
subject: Articles
  topic: section
creator: Hari Wibowo
creator: Sofwan Noerwidi
creator: Daud Aris Tanudirjo
creator: Ashwin Prayudi
creator: Nia Marniati Etie Fajari
creator: Cahyo Rahmadi
rights: Copyright (c) 2025
date: 2025-06-24
publication date: 2025-06-24

Sex determination from dry mandibles using metric methods
type: item
description: Objectives: The article discusses sex determination as the basis for paleodemographic studies to describe ancient societies, metric methods using mandibles. Material and Methods: Two commonly used methods in anthropology for sex determination are the anthroposcopic method and the anthropometric method. The anthroposcopic method involves a macroscopic examination of skeletal materials to identify distinguishing criteria between sexes. The article notes that sex can be determined with 100% accuracy from the pelvis and 90% accuracy from the skull, provided the skeletal remains are intact. In contrast, the anthropometric method relies on statistical analysis of results obtained from metric measurements of skeletons to reveal sex differences. This method is considered more objective because it relies on numerical data, providing precise differences between sexes. Many researchers have used metric measurements to confirm morphological differences between male and female individuals, as mentioned in the article. In this study, 11 different measurements were taken on the mandible (jawbone) and statistically evaluated, resulting in a significant difference between sexes, which allows for sex determination with an accuracy of 80% or higher. Results: Consequently, the article highlights the importance of sex determination in palaeodemographic studies and emphasizes the utility of both anthroposcopic and anthropometric methods. It underscores the significance of the mandible as a reliable skeletal material, even when other bones are absent or fragmented, and emphasizes the precision of sex determination through metric measurements.
subject: Articles
  topic: section
creator: Ayşegül Sarbak
creator: Hasan Hüseyin Erbeden
rights: Copyright (c) 2024
date: 2024-12-21
publication date: 2024-12-21

From tradition to technology: artificial intelligence advancements in dental age estimation
type: item
description: Forensic odontology often necessitates the utilization of either visual or clinical methods for identification. Forensic experts may sometimes use established techniques, such as employing dental age estimation through atlases. Nevertheless, when confronted with large-scale incidents, particularly in mass disasters, the conventional methods can prove to be intricate and time-consuming, making forensic identification more challenging. Consequently, this challenge has prompted many experts to explore the integration of automation into their current practices to enhance overall efficiency and accuracy. This literature review discusses the application of artificial intelligence (AI) as a supporting method in dental age estimation. Based on the studied literature, AI in dental age estimation has the advantage of determining the maturity score of a tooth with a variety of populations and characteristics. Keywords: artificial intelligence, dental age estimation, forensic odontology, legal identity
subject: Articles
  topic: section
creator: Arofi Kurniawan
creator: Samith Taqiasha
creator: Ivan Rachman
creator: Tiara Lathifah Riyadi
creator: Michelle Liong
creator: Widya Ayu Pratiwi
creator: Marvin Hidayat
creator: Anand Marya
rights: Copyright (c) 2024
date: 2024-12-21
publication date: 2024-12-21

Forensic Assessment of Trauma Using Periodontal Tissues Evaluation: possibilities and future perspectives
type: item
description: The article reviews the emerging field of periodontal tissue analysis in the context of forensic trauma assessment. Periodontal tissues are examined for their unique potential to improve the accuracy and scope of forensic investigations. They respond dynamically to different types of injuries, exhibiting distinct histological changes and features, thereby providing insights into the nature of injuries and their timing. Although this method is promising, it also poses notable challenges, including contamination risks, post mortem changes, and interpretation of histological results. Future implications focus on advances in molecular analysis, integration of imaging technology, and establishment of reference databases. Standardization, quality assurance, and interdisciplinary collaboration are essential to ensure reliable periodontal tissue analysis. In summary, periodontal tissue analysis is a dynamic and promising tool with significant implications in the forensics, provided it is used ethically and in accordance with the highest standards. This emerging field highlights the use of periodontal tissue analysis and commitment of forensic experts needed to unravel the complexities of trauma, offering a potential path in the field of forensic science.
subject: Articles
  topic: section
creator: Zerina Hadžić
creator: Ivan Puhar
rights: Copyright (c) 2024
date: 2024-06-19
publication date: 2024-06-19

Reviewing in the Different Types of Heavy Materials in the Human Teeth
type: item
description: Heavy materials can be detected by recording long-term exposures to human teeth due to their stable nature. Teeth have mechanical properties such as hardness, elasticity, viscoelasticity and fracture behaviour. In this review, the level of cadmium, lead, mercury, arsenic and etc. in human dental tissues was evaluated. In order to quantify these materials in teeth, various analytical techniques were used. The results indicated detectable levels of these heavy materials which varied between individuals and locations. Furthermore, there was a correlation between dietary habits, tooth type, age, gender, occupational exposures, and dental heavy material concentrations. Health implications of chronic exposure to heavy materials are highlighted by the findings, which emphasizes the importance of monitoring and mitigation of environmental sources.
subject: Articles
  topic: section
creator: Hiwa Qadr
creator: Najeba Farhad Salih
rights: Copyright (c) 2024
date: 2024-06-19
publication date: 2024-06-19

Dental age estimation in individuals from a Brazilian archaeological collection through the analysis of the pulp/tooth area ratio in canines
type: item
description: To estimate the age at death of archaeological individuals through a radiographic analysis of the pulp/tooth area ratio in canines, according to Cameriere et al. (2007)’s method and its corresponding version adapted and validated for the contemporary Brazilian population. Sixty canines recovered from 30 individuals in five pre-colonial archaeological sites (Buracão, Piaçaguera, Tenório, Moraes, and Capelinha) in the state of São Paulo, Brazil, were examined. The specimens are under the custody of the Museum of Archeology and Ethnology at the University of São Paulo (MAE-USP). Pulp and tooth radiographic areas were measured by two calibrated examiners in the free software ImageJ®. The data ​​were applied to formulas to obtain age estimates. The intraclass correlation coefficient (ICC, p≤0.05) was calculated to analyze intra- and inter-examiner agreement. The estimates were compared against those previously cataloged by the MAE-USP using other anthropological methods. There was a significant intra-examiner (ICC = 0.888 to 0.99) and inter-examiner (ICC = 0.842 to 0.908) reproducibility regarding the estimated ages. Our data indicated that the age estimates obtained through the analysis of pulp/dental area ratio were similar to, or greater than, those previously determined by techniques commonly used in bioarchaeology. The method described herein can be accurately applied to individuals from a Brazilian archaeological collection, with the possibility of estimating their age based on the examination of a single tooth. Yet, this method should be ideally combined with other techniques and further studies should be performed with individuals from different archaeological populations.
subject: Articles
  topic: section
creator: Denise Maciel
creator: Maria Izabel Bento
creator: Daniel Fidalgo
creator: Cláudio Costa
creator: Veronica Wesolowski
creator: Edgard Michel-Crosato
creator: Maria Gabriela Haye Biazevic
rights: Copyright (c) 2024
date: 2024-06-19
publication date: 2024-06-19

Analysis of Dental Collagen Cross-Linking and Carbonate Mineral Integration from Roman/Byzantine Sites in Jordan Using ATR-FTIR Spectroscopy
type: item
description: Existing bioarchaeological studies have not deeply explored the analytical characterization of the chemical structure of dentine. Accordingly, this study used ATR-FTIR to analyze the dentine of 30 human teeth from six archaeological sites in Jordan dated from the Early Roman to the Early Byzantine periods. Besides collagen cross-linking, the factors (ratios) that may influence the strength of dentine were also analyzed and include the ratios of phsphate/amide I, crbonate/phosphate, and A-type cabonate/B-type carbonate. The results of the study point to statistically insignificant diffrences in the factors affectng tensile strength of dentine and thus teeth loading on the site level, while a statistically significan one is found among sites. The differences in these ratios is found to be attributed tooth loading and age at death.
subject: Articles
  topic: section
creator: Abdulla Alshorman
rights: Copyright (c) 2024
date: 2024-06-19
publication date: 2024-06-19

Human Dental Wear on the Late Holocene Populations, Papua-Indonesia
type: item
description: This study aims to find out the wear pattern and the explanations behind tooth wear in the Late Holocene population in the lowland part of Papua. For this, 51 permanent teeth from five different archaeological sites were investigated to find out the wear patterns of these teeth. In this study, wear patterns in incisors, canines, and premolars were described using the medium-resolution microscope Novex Holland. In addition, the wear and mechanical processes on the occlusal molars during the chewing cycle were interpreted. The results show that types of wear such as attrition, abrasion, erosion, and fracture are present in the incisors, canines and premolars which may be caused by the different types of food consumption. The chewing cycle method presents the wear frequencies, which vary between the sites. The teeth from Yomokho, Srobu, and Mamorikotey showed a highest impact of wear in the buccal phase I that may caused by the tough types of food consumption that require a high’shearing’ process. While the teeth from Namatota and Karas sites present the highest wear in phases lingual I and II, which could be attributed to the abrasive and rougher type of food texture, the process involves power strokes of crushing and grinding.
subject: Articles
  topic: section
creator: Marlin Tolla
rights: Copyright (c) 2024
date: 2024-06-19
publication date: 2024-06-19