Eye Tracking in Maritime Research: A Systematic Review
Keywords:
eye movement, gaze movement, maritime, shipping, seafarerAbstract
Eye-tracking technologies have evolved considerably since their inception, enabling increasingly sophisticated analyses of human visual behavior. These technologies have subsequently been applied to examine the gaze behaviors of maritime professionals. As of 2020, approximately 15 English language research articles focused on eye-tracking applications in maritime contexts; since then,
the number has more than doubled, reflecting growing interest in the field. This review examines 37 studies that met predefined eligibility criteria, encompassing a wide range of research themes and diverse eye-tracking metrics. It synthesizes the potential benefits and limitations of eye-tracking in maritime settings, identifies methodological and practical challenges, and highlights notable research gaps. The findings have implications for researchers, informing study design and metric selection; for maritime educators, enhancing training and assessment methods; and for designers of nautical charts, navigational equipment interfaces, and bridge layouts, supporting the development of more effective and user-friendly designs.
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Copyright (c) 2026 KHAIRUL IZZATI BIN KAMARUMTHAM, Dr Thuta Kyaw Win, Dr Tatsuro Ishida, Prof. Koji Murai
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