Regulatory Paradigm Shifts in Nuclear Maritime Transport: From 1960 to Decarbonization
Keywords:
nuclear propulsion, maritime decarbonization , regulatory paradigm , small modular reactors (SMRs), IMO-led Nuclear Code revision processAbstract
The maritime transport sector faces significant problems of decarbonization until 2050. In this context, nuclear propulsion is gaining popularity as one of potentially low-operational-emissions technologies. One such modern innovation in the field concerns the emergence of Small Modular Reactors (SMRs). However, the commercial potential of nuclear merchant ships is hindered by a fragmented and obsolete international legal framework. This study provides the review of the historical process of shifting of paradigms in nuclear maritime transport regulation, from the Operational Safety Paradigm (OSP) in the 1960s via Physical Protection Paradigm (PPP) in the 1990s till the current Decarbonization Paradigm (DP) in the 2020s. This study examines how historical regulatory rigidities may have contributed to the commercial difficulties of Generation I nuclear vessels. The findings suggest that the ongoing International Maritime Organization (IMO)-led revision process should consider goal-based and technology-independent approaches, international liability, port access, and public perception when assessing the potential deployment of modern SMRs.
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