Review of Croatian History is published once a year. Articles are published in English and other foreign languages. Publication of the journal is co-financed by the Ministry of Science and Education of the Republic of Croatia. The editors assume no responsibility for statements of fact or opinion made by contributors ARCHIVE EDITIONS
The copyright holders are the Croatian Institute of History (as the publisher) and the authors. The Review of Croatian History is an open-access journal. Its contents are freely accessible in their entirety. Users may read, download, copy, distribute, print, search, or put links to its material, and to change, reword, and process the material or use it in other legal ways, as long as they cite the original in the appropriate manner, in accordance with the Creative Commons licence CC BY-NC. Works published in the Review of Croatian History may be deposited in institutional or thematic repositories, as long as the appropriate links to the web pages of the Journal and Hrčak (central portal of Croatian scientific journals) are made available. The self-archiving policy is indexed in the Sherpa/RoMEO database, where it is visible that the journal allows the depositing of unreviewed (pre-print), reviewed (post-print), or publisher’s versions of the work.
Activities of the Croatian Liberation Movement at the Congresses of the World Anti-Communist League from 1970 to 1975
Based on relevant literature, émigré press and unprocessed archival material, this paper analyses the hitherto unexplored activities of the Croatian Liberation Movement (CLM) at the congresses of the World Anti-Communist League (WACL) from its membership in 1970 to the recognition of Croatia as a member nation in 1975. CLM focused its activities on familiarizing the international public with the Croatian question and its solution in the form of an independent Croatian state outside the Yugoslav framework, discrediting Yugoslavia, its communist system and dictatorship, and the policy of non-alignment. The key allies of the CLM were Ukrainian emigrants from the Anti-Bolshevik Bloc of Nations (ABN), through which they entered the WACL. The problem for the CLM was the Ustasha heritage, which then became a means of discrediting the WACL. The aim of this paper is to contribute to the research of the Cold War activities of Croatian political emigration (CPE) in international anti-communist organizations.
Anti-communism; Cold War; World Anti-Communist League; Croatian political emigration; Anti-Bolshevik Bloc of Nations; Croatian Liberation Movement
Copyright (c) 2025 The copyright holders are the Croatian Institute of History (as the publisher) and the authors. https://creativecommons.org/licenses/by-nc/4.0/
Women Cominform Migrants from Yugoslavia
My research delves into the representation of female IB migrants through the lens of the Security Service and the monitoring of their movements. It sheds light on women who emigrated to Eastern European countries and, in some cases, returned to Yugoslavia. Using Secret Service documents, the paper will demonstrate surveillance practices towards both men and women, with a focus on enhancing those specific to women. Focusing on several women within the IB emigration, the study highlights their individual experiences, showcasing diverse backgrounds that were deemed significant by Yugoslav authorities despite perceived hostilities. While primarily focused on the period from 1948 to the mid-1950s, the research spans geographically across the USSR, Czechoslovakia, and Hungary. This article seeks to enhance migration and gender studies by providing insights into women's experiences within the IB emigration, emphasizing key moments within them.
Cominform emigration, IB, women, Yugoslav Secret Service, UDBA, SDS, Surveillance, Yugoslavia, USSR, Czechoslovakia, Hungary
Relationship Dinamo – Gradjanski from the Perspective of Various Printed Press Outlets Outside Yugoslavia
The aim of this paper is to explore the relationship between the Građanski nogometni klub Dinamo – GNK Dinamo (Dinamo Citizens' Football Club) and the First Croatian Citizens' Sports Club (I. HŠK Gradjanski) and the perception that followed this relationship in the first international matches after the Second World War in printed news outlets outside Yugoslavia. Given the official claims of its leaders, in the first few years after Dinamo was founded in 1945, there are many interesting aspects of the club's perception in neighbouring countries that were familiar with the interwar Zagreb football clubs and football players who played for them. The paper will mostly cover Austrian, Hungarian and Romanian newspaper sources, but it will also try to present other available sources relevant to the subject topic.
Dinamo Zagreb; I. HŠK Gradjanski Zagreb; Football; Politics; Cultural Identity; 20th Century
Preparations of Banal Croatia for Italy’s Entry into the First World War
Based on sources from the archives, newspapers of the time and published literature, the author in the article presents and analyses the activities of the authorities of Banal Croatia, as part of Austria-Hungary, related to the expected entry of Italy into World War I. In addition to Italian propaganda, espionage and irredentist activities, smuggling of confidential messages of anti-state content was noticed, as well as the use of fake passports. The authorities monitored the anti-Habsburg activities of South Slavic political emigration, and church representatives during their stay in Italy. After the outbreak of the war, Italian citizens were interned, and some of the refugees from the border war zone settled in Banal Croatia.
Banal Croatia; World War I; Italy; espionage; propaganda; irredenta; refugees
This paper examines the construction and spatial development of the Old Dubrovnik Hospital from its founding in 1888 until its relocation to Medarevo. Based on archival sources, contemporary newspapers, and official documentation, the study traces the evolution of the hospital’s facilities, focusing on expansions, modifications, and adaptations to growing medical needs. The analysis highlights key phases of infrastructural investment and spatial reorganization, situating these within the broader socio-economic context of Dubrovnik in the late 19th and 20th centuries. This research contributes to a better understanding of the material and spatial history of healthcare institutions in Dubrovnik.
Dubrovnik; Old Hospital; hospital expansion; 19th century; 20th century
A Contribution to the Research on Srpska Banka D. D. Zagreb Organisation and Business in the Period of the Austro-Hungarian Monarchy
This paper deals with Srpska banka d.d. Zagreb organisation and business along with its management body members in the period of the Austro-Hungarian Monarchy. It adopts an institutional history perspective and is based on archival resources. Regarding its business it is presented within the context of both the domestic and international economic situation. This research study provides an analysis from the period of the bank’s foundation in 1895 until the collapse of the Austro-Hungarian Monarchy in 1918. The organisation of Srpska banka, as well as other financial institutions in the Hungarian part of the Austro-Hungarian Monarchy, was regulated by the Trgovački zakon (Commercial Act) of 1875 and the Obrtni zakon (Law on Craft Activities) of 1884. Srpska banka was among the most significant banks in the Kingdom of Croatia and Slavonia in terms of shareholders’ equity and financial performance. Furthermore, it was the most important bank of the Serbs in the territory of the Austro-Hungarian Monarchy. It started its business with shareholders’ equity of 1,530,000 forints i.e. 3,060,000 kronas, and by the time of the collapse of the Austro-Hungarian Monarchy in 1918 its shareholders’ equity had grown to 12,750,000 kronas. Even during World War I, the bank managed to maintain its financial stability. By 1918, Srpska banka had established two subsidiaries: one in Budapest (founded in 1903) and another in Novi Sad (founded in 1914).
Srpska banka d.d. Zagreb; Serbs; Austro-Hungarian Monarchy; bank business
The Faculty of Philosophy in Zagreb in the Context of Austro-Hungarian Universities 1875-1900, with Special Emphasis on Science and Mathematics Teaching Staff
The structure of the science and mathematics teaching staff at the Faculty of Philosophy in Zagreb in the period 1875-1900 is well known. However, the accounts of that structure lack a comparative analysis that would show whether it met the university standards of the time. The aim of this paper is to satisfy the prerequisite for such an analysis: to explicate the more general status of the Faculty of Philosophy in Zagreb in an appropriate context. The narrowest appropriate context is the universities in the Austro-Hungarian Monarchy, and the position of the Faculty among them is considered with regard to the number of students, the total number of professors and private docents, and the number of science and mathematics professors and private docents. These considerations form the background against which it will be possible to interpret the results of the comparative analysis as parts of a meaningful whole. At the same time they show that the Faculty of Philosophy in Zagreb was, on average, the smallest faculty of philosophy in the Monarchy in terms of the total number of professors and the number of science and mathematics professors. It was one of the two smallest faculties of philosophy in terms of the number of full-time students and one of the three smallest in terms of the total number of private docents. Regarding the number of science and mathematics private docents, during the second half of the period under consideration it ranked amongst the medium-sized Austro-Hungarian faculties of philosophy.
Austro-Hungarian Monarchy; 19th century; universities; Faculty of Philosophy in Zagreb; students; teaching staff at faculties of philosophy; science and mathematics teaching staff
Cronyism, Patronage and Nepotism in Ivan Kukuljević’s Correspondence
This research combines both qualitative and quantitative approach of historical network analysis to analyse, visualize, and interpret selected letters from the corpus of correspondence of Ivan Kukuljević Sakcinski, representing practices of favouritism (cronyism, patronage, and nepotism). The forms of favouritism are observed as a practice, by applying concepts from the social ontology of Theodore Schatzki. The analysis has shown that all periods of peak favouritism correspond with Kukuljević’s political positions and power, as well as with his social capital manifested through his relationship with Viceroy Ivan Mažuranić. The analysis also highlights the significance of the Society for Yugoslavian History as a central node that gathered most petitioners during its period of greatest activity. A close analysis of two series of letters – between Ivan Kukuljević Sakcinski and Ivan Mažuranić, and between Kukuljević and Marija Jambrišak – reveals a vivid practice of cronyism, nepotism, and reciprocity, and an evolving personal relationship between a patron and his protégé.
cronyism; patronage; nepotism; Ivan Kukuljević Sakcinski; historical network analysis; historical praxeology; Society for the Yugoslavian History; Marija Jambrišak; Ivan Mažuranić
Habsburg Religious Politics in Croatian and Slavonian Military Frontier During the Thirty Years War
The author analyzes the impact of the Thirty Years War on the ecclesiastical policies of the Vienna Court in the Military Frontier, particularly in relation to the Roman Curia’s plans to support the ecclesiastical union of Orthodox Frontiersmen (“Vlachs”) with the Catholic Church. He emphesises the role of the bishops of Zagreb bishopric and representatives of the Roman Curia in this process, and describes the reactions of Orthodox Frontiersmen (“Vlachs”) and Habsburg military authorities to the proposals made by Catholic representatives.
Habsburgs, ecclesiastical union, Military Frontier, Vlachs, Zagreb bishops, Vlach/Uniate bishopric of Marča, patriarchate of Peć (Ipek), Orthodox Christians, Ottoman Empire
Le christianisme primitif et la mythologie gréco-romaine
Cet article explore le rapport entre le christianisme primitif (Iᵉʳ-IVᵉ siècle) et la mythologie gréco-romaine, en s'appuyant sur l'analyse des stratégies polémiques de penseurs chrétiens tels que Justin Martyr, Origène et Clément d'Alexandrie. Bien que les récits fondateurs de la foi chrétienne aient émergé dans un monde culturellement marqué par l’hellénisme et l’influence romaine, ces auteurs ont cherché à définir l’identité chrétienne en opposition aux traditions mythologiques gréco-romaines. L’article s’ouvre par une réflexion théorique sur la nature et les fonctions du mythe dans les sociétés anciennes, en mobilisant les approches de Mircea Eliade et Joseph Campbell pour mieux saisir le rapport entre mythe, histoire et identité religieuse. Il examine comment les notions de mythos et logos ont évolué au sein de la pensée gréco-romaine et comment ces concepts ont été réappropriés par les intellectuels chrétiens pour affirmer la supériorité de la révélation biblique. Le rejet des mythes gréco-romains par le christianisme primitif n’était pas uniquement une position théologique, mais également une stratégie visant à délégitimer les cadres religieux et culturels qui dominaient l’Empire romain. En analysant les dimensions théologiques, sociales et politiques de ce discours anti-mythologique, cet article contribue à une meilleure compréhension des processus d’autodéfinition et de différenciation culturelle qui ont façonné l’identité chrétienne dans l’Antiquité tardive.
Christianisme primitif; Mythologie gréco-romaine; Stratégie apologétique; Mircea Eliade; Joseph Campbell
A homage to agitprop: Ivo Goldstein, Povijesni revizionizam i neoustaštvo – Hrvatska 1989. – 2022 [Historical Revisionism, and Neo-Ustashism – Croatia 1989-2022] (Zagreb: Fraktura, 2023) or How to expose historian Goldstein’s ignorance and deceptions – A
Copyright (c) 2024 The copyright holders are the Croatian Institute of History (as the publisher) and the authors. https://creativecommons.org/licenses/by-nc/4.0/
Bosnia and Herzegovina as a community of three constitutive peoples on a confederate basis (on Croatian policies toward BiH during the Croatian War of Independence)
This work presents the issue of the Croatian policies towards Bosnia and Herzegovina (BiH) from 1990 to 1996. In regard to the sources required to form an understanding of and being able to contextualize the Croatian policies towards Bosnia and Herzegovina, it is important to single out the contents of the meeting held in the Office of the President of Croatia on May 11, 1993. On that occasion, President Tuđman spoke about “the problems relating to the Croatian-Muslim conflicts in Bosnia”, about continued existence of Bosnia and Herzegovina and about Bosnia and Herzegovina’s internal system of governance. The meeting was closed to the public and was held immediately after the Army of the Republic of Bosnia and Herzegovina (ARBiH) had launched an attack on the Croatian Defense Council (HVO) in Mostar. In the concluding segment of this work key facts about the role of the Republic of Croatia and Croats in the war in Bosnia and Herzegovina are laid out in chronological order. These facts should not be ignored in scholarly analyses about the Croatian policies towards Bosnia and Herzegovina during the period under discussion.
Bosnia and Herzegovina; Croatian policies; 1990 – 1996; Franjo Tuđman; Croatian – Muslim Conflict
Franjo Tuđman and the Croatian Community/Croatian Republic of Herzeg-Bosnia
This paper examines the role of Franjo Tuđman, President of the Republic of Croatia, in the establishment of Croatian communities in Bosnia and Herzegovina. The thesis posited is that, through his political views, Tuđman had a decisive influence on the founding of the Croatian Community of Herzeg-Bosnia and its policies. The establishment of this community took place within the broader framework of Tuđman’s thoughts on how to resolve the Yugoslav crisis or the relationship between Croatia and Serbia.
Franjo Tuđman, Bosnia and Herzegovina, Croatian Community of Herzeg-Bosnia, Croatian Republic of Herzeg-Bosnia
Towards a New Historical Geography: the possibilities of GIS-aided historical statistics and fine-scale, longue durée and supranational comparisons in Croatian history*
In the last decade a number of serial sources were processed by several research groups separately for the Medieval, Ottoman and Early Modern periods in Hungary. However, the structure of these allow them both to be integrated to each other and be visualized on maps with the aid of GIS-techniques. The character of these integrated databases thus allow researchers (1) to map and investigate territorial patterns, regional inequalities of different scale, (2) the temporal changes in territorial patterns and (3) to run multivariate statistics on bulk data. The success of the GISta Hungarorum in Hungary (www.gistory.hu, http://gistahungarorum.abtk.hu ) drove the different research groups to unify their forces and create a longue-durée, fine-resolution (settlement or parish-level) database for the Kingdom of Hungary (1330-2010) in order to analyze history from a different perspective and to help regional planning by assessing path dependency, drawing optimal landuse, etc. Furthermore, broadening the cooperation the investigation area was extended to Croatia for several time horizons to be processed in the future with the aid of Croatian colleagues involved in Hungarian projects (1330, 1500, Ottoman period, 1780s). This article of methodological focus introduces the first results of the joint work on Croatian examples – with the aim of giving a new perspective in historical geography and historical statistics.
hGIS, databases, longue durée, historical geography, quantitative analysis, regional inequalities in Croatia, 14-19th c.
Attempts of defamation of Croatia as antisemitic in the 1990s: False flag operation Labrador
On August 19, 1991, during the Greater-Serbian aggression on Croatia, two explosive devices were set and activated at the door of the Jewish Community Center and in the Jewish section of Cemetery Mirogoj in Zagreb. The terrorist act was a false-flag operation, later called Labrador, performed by the Yugoslav People’s Army Security administration, with aim of accusing Croatia of increased antisemitism and portraying Croatian authorities as “pro-fascist”. Croatian leadership strongly condemned the attack. They also expressed their solidarity and support for the Jewish community in Croatia by organizing and attending a protest rally.
False-flag operation; Labrador; Jews; Croatian authorities; Yugoslav People’s Army Security Administration; Radenko Radojčić; Mustafa Čandić
The Strength of Socialism is in Diversity!”: Mikhail Gorbachev’s Visit to Yugoslavia (March 14 – 18, 1988)
This article describes the visit of Mikhail Gorbachev, General Secretary of the Communist Party of the Soviet Union, to the Socialist Federal Republic of Yugoslavia in March 1988. Gorbachev spent five days in Yugoslavia, during which he visited three of its socialist republics. The introductory chapters provide an overview of the history of Soviet-Yugoslav relations, with a special focus on the period immediately preceding the visit, as well as a brief description of Gorbachev’s reforms and the international political situation of that period. The historical context of the visit and its various aspects and representations in the Soviet and Yugoslav press are analysed in the following chapters, with a detailed itinerary also being included. Special attention is given to various speeches by both the Soviet and Yugoslav functionaries, especially Gorbachev’s speech in the Assembly of the SFRY as well as the Soviet-Yugoslav Declaration. Finally, a brief overview of the reactions to the visit and its consequences is presented.
Mikhail Gorbachev; Soviet Union; Yugoslavia; communism; international relations
La « capitulation » de Stjepan Radić et l’échec de sa politique de coopération avec Belgrade
Après la création du Royaume des Serbes, Croates et Slovènes en décembre 1918 le président du Parti paysan croate Stjepan Radić devint le leader du mouvement national croate. Confronté à l’échec de sa politique obstructionniste, sans aide substantielle d’une puissance étrangère pour « affranchir le peuple croate » de la « tyrannie serbe », mis en prison pour avoir « conspiré avec les Soviets », en juillet 1925 il accepta finalement de coopérer avec « Belgrade », notamment avec ennemi politique et geôlier Nikola Pašić, le chef du Parti radical national. Arriver à une « paix » entre Croates et Serbes et consolider le royaume balkanique allié, ce fut également le souhait de la France officielle, dont le président du Conseil Édouard Herriot n’avait pas manqué d’user de son influence au sein de la presse de gauche pour promouvoir cette idée. Radić abandonna alors sa politique obstructionniste, reconnut la Constitution centralisatrice du Vidovdan, abjura le républicanisme, leva son opposition au service militaire, et entra même au gouvernement de Pašić comme ministre de l’Instruction publique. Cependant, ainsi Radić se révéla encore plus dangereux pour la caste politico-militaire serbe. Car non seulement le « trublion croate » gênait le fonctionnement du gouvernement, mais, au surplus, il tâchait d’élargir sa base électorale majoritairement paysanne aux dépens de celle de ses « partenaires » radicaux. En avril 1926, il fut invité à se retirer du ministère, et en janvier 1927 il mit fin à la coopération avec le Parti national radical. Son échec de s’implanter en Vieille Serbie l’amena à s’allier à un autre ancien ennemi mortel, Svetozar Pribićević, l’énergique Serbe ex-habsbourgeois, avec lequel il forma, en novembre 1927, la Coalition démocrate paysanne (SDK), formation qui regroupait la majorité des Croates et des Serbes de l’ancien royaume triunitaire. Le nouveau bloc des prečani fut la plus dangereuse force d’opposition dans la courte histoire du royaume, et il n’est guère surprenant que le roi Alexandre s’efforçât de le briser à tout prix.
Stjepan Radić, Royaume des Serbes, Croates et Slovènes, Croatie, Serbie, Yougoslavie, France
Alpenwelt – entdecken und erleben: Kurze Geschichte des Deutschen und Oesterreichischen Alpenvereins mit besonderem Fokus auf die mit Slowenen besiedelten Gebieten
Der vorliegende Beitrag beleuchtet die Hintergründe der Entstehung des Deutschen und Oesterreichischen Alpenvereins (DuOeAV), seine Struktur und Tätigkeiten und gibt einen kurzen Überblick über seine Sektionen auf die mit Slowenen besiedelten Gebiete. Er deckte nicht nur einen großen Teil des heutigen europäischen Raumes ab und hinterließ tiefe Spuren in der Alpenwelt. Der Verein, der aus dem Wunsch heraus gegründet wurde, die Alpenwelt den Menschen so nahe wie möglich zu bringen, blieb zumindest bis zum Ersten Weltkrieg dieser “alpinen” Sache treu. Der Anschluss Österreichs an Deutschland im Jahr 1938 dagegen führte zu seiner Umbenennung in Deutschen Alpenverein, was auch der Anfang vom Ende des Vereins und einen endgültigen Bruch mit diesem Standpunkt war. Seitdem diente er als Instrument der großdeutschen Politik zur Unterstützung der nationalsozialistischen Ideologie. Der Beitrag basiert auf einem Studium der Quellen des Vereins, insbesondere ihres wichtigsten Mitteilungsblattes Mitteilungen des Deutschen und Oesterreichischen Alpenvereins und der Zeitungen jener Zeit. In diesem Zusammenhang sind vor allem die lokalen Zeitungen zu erwähnen, insbesondere die des damaligen slowenischen Raumes.
19. Jahrhundert; Zeitungen; Deutscher und Oesterreichischer Alpenverein (DuOAV); Section Krain; Section Küstenland
Strategies for Disciplining Students in the “Old School” Practice in Croatia
The paper examines disciplining students in the conditions of the so-called old school practice. It is based on the analysis of primary and secondary sources, as well as available pedagogical documentation and literature of the subjected era: school laws and regulations, teaching and disciplinary levels, regulations, orders and instructions. The old school was temporally determined by relevant factors and characteristics. The connection between the social environment has been established: state-political organisation, economic status and orientation, social value systems, school system and circumstances with student discipline strategies. In school practice of the old schools repressive and incentive disciplinary strategies are identified and analysed. The following forms have been identified in the area of repressive educational strategy: emotional inconveniences, deprivation of mental pleasures, social isolation and various forms of corporal punishment. According to the school regulations of the time, the following corporal punishment was granted: standing behind or next to the desk, kneeling, flogging with a prescribed stick on the palms. However, the following unlawful corporal punishments were also recorded in school practice: standing on one leg, kneeling on bare knees on grains of food or sand, hitting with a club, ruler, book; slapping, hear or ear pulling, kicking with a leg, throwing to the ground. Incentive educational strategy was based on evoking emotional comfort and was realised through praise, recognition and awards. Praises were oral and written, and recognitions were awarded in the form of diplomas or different types of medals. The awards were also material: money, clothes and footwear, items of use value, books and school supplies. Also, the results of the research show that in imposing repressive and incentive measures, the following general educational principles were recommended: gradualness, appropriateness, consistency, impartiality, justification and openness (if a repressive measure yields results, it should be annulated). The identified and described strategies of school disciplining should be viewed within the described social, political, economic framework, as well as the then school opportunities and school system. However, it is significant that the recommended educational principles in imposing disciplinary measures also have elements of modernity.
disciplining strategies; old school; repressive strategies (corporal punishment); incentive strategies; history of pedagogy
Jews in the Political, Economic, and Cultural Life of Croatia at the End of the 19th and the Beginning of the 20th Century: The Example of Oskar Weiszmayer (1855–1931)
Drawing on literature, newspapers, and archival sources, this paper examines the life and work of Oskar Weiszmayer, one of the most recognizable members of the Jewish community in Croatia in the second half of the 19th and the first half of the 20th century. Elucidating his overall economic, cultural, social, and political activities in Osijek and Zagreb is an important contribution to a better understanding of the history of the Jews in Croatia.
Oskar Weiszmayer, banking, Jews, Osijek, 19th century, 20th century
Copyright (c) 2023 The copyright holders are the Croatian Institute of History (as the publisher) and the authors. https://creativecommons.org/licenses/by-nc/4.0/
A teacher in a Croatian village during the First World War and the interwar period - the example of Stanko Horvatin in Gračani (1913 - 1933)
The paper examines the life and work of Stanko Horvatin, the head teacher (principal) of the public/elementary school in Gračani, which changed its name several times during its existence. The central time frame covers the period from 1913 to 1933, when Horvatin was active in the Gračani area, but the paper also covers earlier and later phases of his life. On the basis of archive material, the paper analyzes various aspects of Horvatin's life, from pedagogical work at school, to social involvement, political positions and everyday existential problems in family life. Horvatin's biography clearly reflects the educational system and its influence on the life of a Croatian village during the First World War and the interwar period. The paper also shows the status of Croatian teachers in relation to the political changes and regimes they were exposed to, as well as the challenges they faced as a result. In a broader context, changes caused by modernization can be observed in the Croatian countryside of Northwestern Croatia during the researched period.
Stanko Horvatin; Gračani; school; education; Croatian village; First World War; Interwar era
Emigration of Korčulans to Brazil – Serious Calamity or Enticement to Emigration?
One of the most massive migrations of Croats in the period of the Kingdom of Serbs, Croats and Slovenes was the emigration of inhabitants from the island of Korčula to Brazil in 1925. This was reported by Franko Mirošević, who described the circumstances that generally encouraged the emigration of the population from Dalmatia, and indicated his suspicion that this emigration was the result of recruitment on part of shipping agencies in conjunction with corrupt officials. Consequently, this paper will address the question of whether this emigration was really the result of severe privation or was it recruitment that induced the population of Korčula to emigrate. Hitherto unused archival sources were analyzed to shed more light on this question. Furthermore, previous allegations regarding the date and number of emigrants, as well as the attitude of the state authorities towards the phenomenon of recruitment in the Kingdom of Serbs, Croats and Slovenes will be re-examined.
recruitment of emigrants, Emigration Commissariat, Fedor Aranicki, protection of emigrants, emigration from Korčula, Catalogue of emigrants, travel applications
Croatian and Slovak Political Catholicism and Clericalism in the Period Between the First and the Second World War
In this article, the presence and influence of clericalism on Croatian and Slovak political Catholicism between the two world wars is examined through a comparative analysis, based on some Croatian interwar Catholic periodicals, recent Croatian and Slovak historiographical studies, as well as studies by some foreign historians. Also, the focus of the research attention was on re-examining the causes of the findings. At the very beginning, the terms clericalism and political Catholicism are defined as key terminological determinants used later in the article. That is followed by a brief review of some peculiarities of the modern Croatian and Slovak nation genesis, as one of the variables that had great influence on the peculiarities of Croatian and Slovak society and political culture as a whole. The central part of the article analyses the development and activities of Croatian and Slovak interwar political Catholicism, primarily through political activities of the Croatian People's Party and the Slovak People's Party/Hlinka's Slovak People's Party. Finally, a comparison of similarities and differences between the Croatian and Slovak political Catholicism follows, with explanations of possible causes for such a situation, and a quantitative analysis of the presence and impact of clericalism on Croatian and Slovak interwar political Catholicism.
Catholicism; Clericalism; Croatia; Slovakia; Interwar era
The Basics of General Financial Science by Antun Ferdinand Albely. Knowledge Circulation and Digital Text Analysis of a Legal Textbook
This paper aims to present interpretations and modifications of the early 19th century legal and economic knowledge within A. F. Albely's The Basics of General Financial Science, a textbook which focuses on the aspect of public finances. Referencing his own work to other authors in this academic field, Albely participated in a disciplinary discourse which served as a hub for circulation of ideas. This paper's primary concern is revealing the sources of Albely's legal and economic knowledge and noticing modifications which occured in ideas between different texts. Digital text analysis, accessed at the web-available platform Voyant tools, will prove to be an important heuristic asset, as it will disclose textual environments of ideas appearing in the analysed texts. This approach will enable new interpretative possibilities in the investigative field of knowledge circulation, as it will employ results of digital text analysis in order to discern Albely's intellectual influences and give insight into an idea modification process.
financial science, Antun Ferdinand Albely, Joseph von Sonnenfels, digital text analysis
Re-Evaluation of the Barbarian and the Primitive in the (Pre) Avant-Garde
The heteroimage of the Southeast European semiperiphery was subjected for centuries to geopolitical stereotypes of the Slav, either as a noble savage, as in the works of Fortis and Herder in the 18th and 19th centuries, or as a political “powder keg”, as a Balkan barbarian in more recent perspective. In such a geopolitical imaginary, the Balkans were perceived (described) primarily negatively, representing not only an Oriental Other, but above all a European semi-Other, a barbaric and primitive “Other within” (Todorova). The image of the “noble savage” in the exotic vision, which sets the world in binary oppositions, is used and reinterpreted by the artists of the (pre) Avant-Garde. The movement's inherent impulse to resist and re-evaluate traditional aesthetics, history and institutions, as well as to transgressively redefine both the instances of authorship and the criteria for creating and evaluating artworks, is evident in the way barbarism and primitivism are used as counterparts to the bourgeois normative value system. Their artistic texts and performances have an inherent orientation towards the primitive and the barbaric, which are traditionally presented in opposition to Western culture and civilisation, i.e. the politics of globalisation. At the level of artistic transgression, this transposed “otherness” is treated as a dialogical opponent, an object of fascination and identification, and a site of appropriation of time. This article deals with the way the primitive and the barbaric were treated in the Yugoslav avant-garde, either in some collective undertakings (Zenitism, Surrealism) or in individual creations (Ujević, Krleža). This topic will be addressed in three steps: 1. in the context of reflections on literature as a response to geopolitical prejudices (stereotypes); more specifically, in the concepts of the centre (especially Eurocentrism), civilisation and primitivism; 2. in a consideration of the use of primitivism, barbarism and bohemianism as expressions of aesthetic and public (political) resistance to regulated social practises and value systems; 3. an interpretation of these phenomena in the context of either imaginary or actual literary and social transformations.
(Pre) Avant-Garde literature, Barbarian, Primitive, transfer of ideas, re-evaluation, social transformation
Croatian-Czech and Croatian-Slovak Literary Relations in Neo-Absolutism. Key points
Based on previous research, the author attempts to identify the key points for the research of Croatian-Czech-Slovak literary and cultural relations in the period of neo-absolutism (1852-1859). Citing relevant examples, he refers above all to the abundant correspondence of Croatian, Czech and Slovak intellectuals from that period, and to literary periodicals, which he regards as indicators of the mutual reception of the literary production of these three nations
neo-absolutism; Croatian-Czech cultural relations; Croatian-Slovak cultural relations; correspondence; literary magazines
Croatian Pedagogy in the 19th Century – the Transfer of European Pedagogical Ideas
The transfer of European pedagogical ideas and practices to Croatia during the 19th century, when the Croatian pedagogy was being established, could be observed at three basic levels: at the level of formal pedagogical education of teachers, at the level of scholarly texts on pedagogy and the level of studying and professional development abroad. Teachers had a pivotal role in the development of the practice and theory of pedagogy, which was important to them for the improvement of their teaching, as well as for their professional identity. For that reason, they were initiating publication of subject-specific journals, writing textbooks on pedagogy and translating European pedagogy classics to Croatian. The publishing activity of the Croatian Pedagogical-Literary Assembly had a major influence on the appearance of scholarly texts on pedagogy. Immediately upon its establishment in 1871, it initiated an editorial series Knjižnica za učitelje (Library for Teachers), within which 54 volumes were published by 1917, including the translations of the works by major pedagogy authors, such as Comenius (Didaktika, 1871, Informatorijum za školu materinsku, 1886, Velika didaktika, 1900), Spencer (Nauk ob uzgoju, 1883), Rousseau (Emil ili ob uzgoju, 1887-1889), Pestalozzi (Miroslav i Bogoljuba, 1891) and Rabelais (Misli o uzgoju, 1894). The Croatian Pedagogical-Literary Assembly also published a compilation of pedagogical textbooks by Stjepan Basariček – Uzgojoslovje (1880), Povijest pedagogije (1881), Obće obukoslovje (1882) i Posebno obukoslovje (1884). His textbooks were theoretically based on the works of the German pedagogue Johann Friedrich Herbart (1776-1841) and were used in teacher education schools, with some revisions and new editions, until the 1920s.
Pedagogy; Croatia; Croatian Pedagogical-Literary Assembly; 19th Century; Transfer of Ideas
The Reform of Elementary Education in Croatia in the 2nd Half of the 19th Century and Ivan Filipović
The reform of elementary education, which was implemented by Ban Ivan Mažuranić, was one of the most important reforms in the second half of the 19th century. Together with Ban Ivan Mažuranić, Ivan Filipović was one of the key people who prepared and implemented the school reform. In this paper I will show how Ivan Filipović, and his colleagues contributed to implementation of the school reform which started in 1870’s and enabled development of the modern education system in Croatia.
school reform; cultural transfer; secularization of the school system; Ban Ivan Mažuranić, Ivan Filipović; Croatia; the 19th century
The Enlightened Apology of the Latin Language by Marko Faustin Galjuf from Dubrovnik
In recent Enlightenment studies, a trend can be termed as the “classical turn” because it places a focus on the classical heritage as an integral part of the eighteenth-century culture. Interest in antiquity encompassed Greek and Roman literature, philosophy, and art, and Enlightenment thinkers were particularly fascinated and inspired by the rationalism, humanism, and civic virtues of the ancient world. Archaeological excavations in Italy supported the development of neoclassical style, experiencing a true revival with Rome as its centre. Countless translations of classical authors were in line with “the taste of the time”, and improvisations of poetry from contemporary languages into Latin were especially valued. The Piarist from Dubrovnik, Marko Faustin Galjuf (1765-1834), was one of the most renowned Latin improvisers of his time. He began his teaching career in Rome and later became politically and academically engaged in the pro-French Roman and Ligurian Republics. After the fall of Napoleon’s Empire in 1815, Galjuf fell out of favour due to his past. In 1833, he published an apology for the use of the Latin language titled Essay on the Fortune of the Latin Language (Specimen de fortuna Latinitatis), seeking a way to return to the unforsaken Rome under the rule of Pope Gregory XVI. This paper will explore the Enlightenment socio-cultural context of the creation and arguments of this forgotten but significant piece for the history of cultural patterns of that period. It will be argued that Galjuf’s intention for writing his apology was of an enlightened rather than a conservative nature.
Latin language; Enlightenment; cult of antiquity; universal language; Marko Faustin Galjuf
From Encouragement to Critique of Enlightened Absolutist Reforms: Nikola Škrlec Lomnički and His Views on the Reform of Local Administration in the Habsburg Monarchy
In this paper, the example of Nikola Škrlec Lomnički (1729 – 1799), a distinguished legal expert and public servant in Croatia during the era of enlightened absolutism, is used to posit that the dissemination of knowledge and ideas was not a linear progression, flowing solely from top to bottom. Rather, the experience of living and working within a specific political milieu significantly impacted political choices made by premodern public servants. Škrlec’s involvement in local administration and his writings directed towards higher authorities underscore that the introduction of progressive changes necessitated a confluence of both contemporary intellectual currents and influence from “below”. Such reforms needed to be firmly grounded in changes that were practicably feasible within a specific local political and social context. For understanding political history, resistance to change emerges as being equally valuable a phenomenon as alignment with enlightened ideas.