Technologica Acta - Scientific/professional journal of chemistry and technology
p-ISSN 1840-0426 e-ISSN 2232-7568 DOI: 10.51558/2232-7568 Technologica Acta - scientific/professional journal of chemistry and technology is an open access, double-blind peer reviewed, semiannual international academic journal devoted to fundamental and applied chemistry, as well as environmental protection engineering, materials chemistry and technology, chemical engineering and technology, agronomy and food technology research, published by the Faculty of Technology Tuzla, University in Tuzla (Bosnia and Herzegovina), since 2004.
Faculty of Technology, University of Tuzla, Tuzla, Bosnia and Herzegovina
Formulation and Evaluation of a Topical Gel Containing Hedera helix L. Leaf Extract: Phytochemical and Antioxidant Assessment
Harnessing the phytotherapeutic potential of Hedera helix L. (common ivy) represents a growing area of interest within pharmaceutical and cosmetic sciences. This study was undertaken to develop and evaluate a carbomer-based gel formulation incorporating Hederae helicis folium extract. Leaf extracts were obtained by ultrasound-assisted extraction (UAE) using methanol and 96% ethanol as solvents. The extraction efficiency was solvent-dependent, with the methanolic extract yielding 16.4% and the ethanolic extract 13.4%. Antioxidant evaluation via the DPPH assay revealed superior free radical scavenging activity for the methanolic extract (IC50= 127.738 µg/mL) compared to the ethanolic one (IC50 = 157.849 µg/mL). Qualitative phytochemical screening (Foam test and Liebermann–Burchard’s test) confirmed the presence of triterpenoid saponins, more pronounced in the methanolic extract. Despite its higher extraction efficacy, methanol was excluded from the formulation due to toxicity concerns. The final gel formulation containing ethanolic extract exhibited favorable organoleptic characteristics and remained stable, maintaining a pH of 4.3–4.9 within the physiological skin range. These findings highlight Hedera helix as a promising source of bioactive compounds suitable for safe incorporation into topical antioxidant and dermoprotective preparations.
Copyright (c) 2026 Laura Divković, Amina Hasikić, Enida Karić, Merima Ibišević, Maida Šljivić Husejnović, Ermina Cilović Kozarević, Mevludin Jusufović https://creativecommons.org/licenses/by/4.0
Copyright (c) 2026 https://creativecommons.org/licenses/by/4.0
A Vignette on the International Scientific and Professional Symposium“Environmental Potentials, Sustainable Development and Food Production” (OPORPH)
A Vignette on the International Scientific and Professional Symposium“Environmental Potentials, Sustainable Development and Food Production” (OPORPH): Editorial
Copyright (c) 2026 Sabina Begić https://creativecommons.org/licenses/by/4.0
Analysis of Total Phenolic Content of Allium Sativum L. from the Bihać Area
Biologically active compounds are present in plants in varying amounts. This study was conducted to investigate the total phenolic content of white garlic (Allium sativum L.) from the Bihać region, which is commonly used as a dietary supplement or functional food. Garlic bulbs were extracted using three different solvents (methanol, ethanol, and water). Phytochemical evaluation of the selected extracts was performed using spectrophotometric methods. Determination of total phenolic content was carried out using a modified Folin–Ciocalteu method. The results indicated that the highest mean value of total phenolic content of Allium sativum L. in the ethanolic extract was recorded at locality L1, while the lowest value was observed at locality L2. Regarding the methanolic extract, similar trends were observed, with the highest value at locality L1 and the lowest at locality L2. For the aqueous extract, the highest total phenolic content was recorded at locality L3, whereas the lowest value was again observed at locality L2. Based on these findings, it can be assumed that both the type of solvent and the habitat ecotype significantly influence the total phenolic content of Allium sativum L.
medicinal flora, total phenols, ethanol, methanol, water
Copyright (c) 2026 Melisa Halilović, Samira Huseinović https://creativecommons.org/licenses/by/4.0
Investigation of the Possibility of the Synthesis of Sucrose Esters from Biodiesel
Growing awareness of the negative environmental impacts of synthetic surfactants and their limited biodegradability require the search for sustainable and environmentally acceptable alternatives. In this context, sucrose esters represent a promising class of green surfactants due to their renewable nature, biodegradability and low toxicity profile. In this work, the synthesis of sucrose derivatives was investigated using sucrose and a mixture of methyl esters of fatty acids (biodiesel), with the use of potassium carbonate as an effective catalyst. The reactions were carried out in the presence of methanol or N,N-dimethylformamide as a solvent, with the aim of examining the influence of reaction conditions on the formation of products. The FTIR technique was used in combination with the appropriate physico-chemical analysis to characterize the obtained synthesis products. The obtained results indicate a significant influence of the choice of solvent on the character of the product, while the use of biodiesel and sucrose as reactants and potassium carbonate as a catalyst provides a perspective for the development of new environmentally friendly surfactants as a promising alternative to synthetic surfactants.
Copyright (c) 2026 Aleksandra Borković, Tatjana Botić, Pero Dugić, Neven Janjić, Jelena Todorović, Dijana Drljača, Dajana Dragić, Sanda Pilipović, Jadranka Fraj https://creativecommons.org/licenses/by/4.0
Potential of using NaHCO3 as a precipitation agent for the removal of Cd(II) ions
Cadmium is recognized as one of the most hazardous heavy metals, ranking among the top ten in terms of toxicity. With the growing industrial reliance on cadmium for various manufacturing processes, concerns have risen within the scientific community regarding its presence in wastewater and the challenges associated with its removal. This research investigates the potential for removing Cd(II) ions from a synthetic aqueous solution by utilizing NaHCO3 as a precipitant agent. The removal efficiency exceeded 99%, with the most effective conditions identified as: pH 8 , a stirring speed 300 rpm, a stirring duration of 5 minutes, and a precipitant dosage of 90 mg. Additionally, removal efficiencies of 96.256% and 91.234% were achieved at cadmium concentrations of 150 mg/L and 300 mg/L, respectively. The removal of Cd(II) ions was found to be more efficient in a mixture of metals, with the an efficiency above 98% compared to when individual metals were considered in isolation.
Copyright (c) 2026 Halid Junuzović, Sabina Begić, Asija Cena, Mirsad Salkić, Amra Selimović, Indira Šestan, Melisa Ahmetović, Hana Alihodžić https://creativecommons.org/licenses/by/4.0
Presence of Pollutants in the Air of The Industrial and Urban Areas of the Municipality of Lukavac
Economic, technological, and industrial development, along with rising energy demand in Tuzla Canton, particularly in the municipality of Lukavac has led to increased air pollution and environmental degradation, affecting water and soil quality. This paper analyzes data on air pollutants in the urban and industrial areas of Lukavac for 2018 and 2019. Data for the urban area were obtained from the Ministry of Environmental Protection of Tuzla Canton, while industrial data came from Global Ispat Coke Industry Lukavac. In 2018, sulfur dioxide levels in the urban area exceeded limit values, while PM2.5 and nitrogen oxides were particularly high during winter months due to natural and anthropogenic factors. Carbon monoxide remained within permitted levels. In 2019, sulfur dioxide and particulate matter occasionally exceeded limits, while nitrogen oxides, ozone, and carbon monoxide were below them. In the industrial zone, annual concentrations of carbon monoxide, sulfur dioxide, hydrogen sulfide, and particulate matter exceeded permitted values in both years, although sulfur dioxide and nitrogen oxides met regulatory limits. Air pollution poses serious health risks, increasing respiratory and cardiovascular diseases, especially among vulnerable groups such as the elderly, children, pregnant women, and industrial workers.
Copyright (c) 2026 Sanja Brekalo-Lazarević, Almir Zukić, Hana Alihodžić, Abdel Đozić, Emir Horozić, Ivana Lazarević, Bahrudin Hadziefendić https://creativecommons.org/licenses/by/4.0
The Impact of Reusing Commercial Hydrated Lime as a Heterogeneous Catalyst on the Fatty Acid Methyl Esters Content and its Characteristics in The Methanolysis Process of Rapeseed Oil
This study investigates the impact of reusing commercial hydrated lime as a heterogeneous catalyst on the yield of fatty acid methyl esters (FAME) and its characteristics in the methanolysis process of rapeseed oil. The reuse evaluation was conducted by performing consecutive methanolysis reactions up to three times under optimal reaction conditions. Characterization of both unused (fresh) and used catalyst (after the first use and third reuse) was carried out using XRD and SEM/EDS methods, in order to examine structural and morphological changes associated with the catalytic activity of hydrated lime. After the first, second, and third consecutive reuses of comercial hydrated lime under optimal methanolysis conditions, FAME yields of 95.46%, 93.92%, and 80.01%, respectively, were achieved. These yields fall below the minimum requirement set by the EN 14214 standard but meet the specifications of the American D6751 standard for biodiesel fuel blends. Therefore, repeated use of hydrated lime reduces its catalytic activity, resulting in lower FAME yields compared to the yield obtained with fresh catalyst (96.7%). It was demonstrated that the extent of catalytic activity reduction is not necessarily correlated with the number of reuses, but also depends on the chemical, structural, and textural properties of the catalyst. XRD analysis of the catalyst after the first use and third reuse revealed the formation of a new crystalline phase, calcium diglyceroxide (C6H14CaO6), identified as the primary crystalline phase, along with Ca(OH)₂ and CaCO₃ as secondary crystalline phases.
Copyright (c) 2026 Azra Halilović, Sabina Begić, Zoran Iličković, Amna Karić, Amir Fazlić https://creativecommons.org/licenses/by/4.0
The Influence of Adsorbent Mass and Initial Ion Concentration on The Capacity and Efficiency of Lead (Ii) Ions Adsorption from Aqueous Solutions using Natural Bentonite as Adsorbent
In this research, the results of bentonite characterization by XRF and SEM/EDS before and after adsorption are presented. The influence of adsorbent mass and initial ion concentration on the capacity and efficiency of adsorption of lead (II) ions using bentonite is determined by adsorption experiments for initial lead (II) concentrations of 200, 300 and 400 mg/L, adsorbent dosage of 0,5, 1 and 2 g, at pH 5, temperature 25 °C, stirring rate of 200 rpm, contact time between adsorbent and lead (II) ions of 2,5 minutes. The obtained results showed that with an increase in the adsorbent mass, the adsorption capacity decreases for all three tested initial concentrations, while the adsorption capacity increases with an increase in the initial concentration of Pb(II) ions for all three investigated masses of adsorbent. On the other hand, the adsorption efficiency increases with increasing adsorbent mass, while the adsorption efficiency decreases with increasing initial ion concentration.
adsorption; lead; bentonite; mass; concentration
Copyright (c) 2026 Amna Karić, Amra Odobašić, Edisa Papraćanin, Azra Halilović https://creativecommons.org/licenses/by/4.0
Morphological Assessment of Mixed Municipal Waste and Practical Solution for PET Packaging Management in Urban Area
This study analyzed the current state of mixed waste collection, with a special focus on the treatment of PET packaging waste in the urban area of a smaller town. The morphological composition of mixed waste from containers at three locations adjacent to the elementary school, healthcare facility and residential complex, was determined to assess the amount of polymer waste, and its composition was subsequently analyzed. It was concluded that the proportion of polymer waste is higher in the waste container near the school, followed by the waste container near the healthcare facility. The proportion of PET bottles in mixed waste near healthcare facility was some higher to that near the elementary school. It was also observed that PET bottles in waste near residential buildings were larger in size compared to those in waste near the elementary school. To improve the management of PET packaging waste, smaller bottle collection bins were proposed, along with suggested locations for these bins on the map of the town of Zvornik. Additionally, a collection system for PET bottles was proposed, including a company for emptying the bins and transporting the waste to a recycling facility.
Copyright (c) 2026 Zoran Petrović, Ivana Savić, Neda Brestovac, Vladan Mladenović, Maja Vuković https://creativecommons.org/licenses/by/4.0
Optimization of Descaling Conditions of Therapy Pools in Tourist Health Center “Banja Kulaši”
One of the problems in spa centres with thermal water is the deposition of scale on the overflow of therapeutic pools. In practice, scale is removed by washing with a solution of technical hydrochloric acid at a concentration of 10–16 w/w%. However, this process causes damage to the grout and adhesive, resulting in tile detachment. This study aimed to investigate the possibility of removing scale without significant damage, based on the chemical composition of thermal water, scale, and grout samples taken from the Health and Tourism Centre "Banja Kulaši." Chemical analysis of the scale confirmed that it is of carbonate type (94.32% CaCO3). The solubility of the scale and grout was tested in two ways – by immersion and by spraying with HCl solutions of varying concentrations. The immersion method showed a total solubility of the examined scale (>98%), while the spraying method aimed to simulate real cleaning conditions of therapeutic pools with different contact times. The solubility of the scale using the spraying method was also high (>92%) for contact times of 5, 10, and 15 minutes. The solubility of the grout depends on both the concentration of HCl and the contact time.
Copyright (c) 2026 Dijana Drljača, Dajana Dragić, Vanja Šajinović, Aleksandra Borković, Sanda Pilipović, Dragana Kešelj https://creativecommons.org/licenses/by/4.0
Sensory properties and acceptability of Kombucha fermented milk drink
Kombucha, as a non-traditional starter, is successfully used for the fermentation of milk in order to obtain a liquid fermented milk product. Fermented milk products have a pleasant, slightly sour taste that are created by the fermentation of milk under the influence of starter cultures (lactic acid bacteria), lactic and other acids are produced, which are responsible for the refreshing taste and aroma of the product. In this way, products with new organoleptic properties are obtained. The aim of the work was to examine the sensory properties and acceptability of a fermented milk beverage during storage for 14 days using the tea mushroom Kombucha as a non-traditional starter culture and inoculum, which were obtained by inoculating the fungus on black tea and milk, depending on the starter culture and sweetener used. Two sweeteners, sucrose and meadow honey, were used as a carbon source. The obtained results were compared with the control sample, produced with the lyophilized culture Lyofast Y 452 E. The results of the research showed that the fermented milk beverage samples obtained by fermentation with Kombucha possess unique sensory properties with a mixture of sweet and sour notes. The acceptability of the produced samples of kombucha fermented milk beverage is high.Keywords: fermented milk drink, syneresis, kombucha, sweeteners.
Copyright (c) 2026 Melisa Zahirović, Tijana Brčina, Milica Vilušić https://creativecommons.org/licenses/by/4.0
Optimization of Energy Efficiency in Boiler Operations for Sodium Bicarbonate Production
Soda is a highly significant raw material used in various production processes, ranging from the food to the pharmaceutical industry, and it also serves as a fundamental raw material for the production of detergents and glass (both light and heavy soda). At the "Sisecam Soda Lukavac" plant, soda is produced using the Solvay process with the aid of an aqueous solution of sodium chloride (NaCl) and calcium carbonate (CaCO3). Since global soda sources are quite limited, efforts are being made to increase production capacity. However, increasing production capacity requires greater quantities of industrial water, which ultimately results in higher consumption of fresh water from the natural Modrac reservoir. In order to reduce the consumption of this natural resource, as well as emissions into the atmosphere, efforts are being made to maximize the use of waste streams generated in the soda production process. The primary goal of this work is to demonstrate the possibility of reusing the waste condensate stream from the slaking drums for the aqueous solution of calcium hydroxide (lime milk) by installing a barometric condenser that operates on the principle of direct contact between the cooling medium and the steam. Reusing this waste condensate would achieve significant operational and ecological improvements, as well as economic savings, with a return on investment realized within five years.
Copyright (c) 2026 Hana Alihodzic, Abdel Đozić, Sabina Begić, Indira Šestan, Nisad Avdić https://creativecommons.org/licenses/by/4.0
Risk assessment of drinking water consumption from public fountains from the aspect of physicochemical and microbiological analysis
The paper deals with the assessment of risks related to drinking water quality, the analysis of physicochemical and microbiological parameters that are key to assessing human safety and health. Through a detailed analysis of these parameters, the paper investigates whether the appropriate physicochemical and microbiological parameters are within the framework defined by the regulation, and whether they may pose a threat to human health. Physicochemical parameters include aspects such as pH values, electrical conductivity, oxidizability, concentrations of various chemical compounds (such as nitrates, nitrites, ammonia, chlorides, heavy metals, etc.) and represent the degree of pollution by chemicals that may pose a threat to human health, while microbiological parameters relate to the presence of pathogenic bacteria, viruses and parasites that can cause various diseases in humans. The paper uses data from laboratory analyses of water samples monitored at 32 locations in the Tuzla Canton during two seasons. Through this assessment, the paper highlights the importance of regular monitoring of drinking water quality, as well as the implementation of adequate measures to prevent potential health hazards for users.
Copyright (c) 2026 Selma Azabagić, Husejin Keran, Melisa Ahmetović, Amra Odobašić, Indira Šestan, Asmira Čanić https://creativecommons.org/licenses/by/4.0
Application of mycorrhizal fungi in the production of tomatoes in a closed space
Agricultural production requires alternative solutions for the application of pesticides and mineral (artificial) fertilizers. One reliable solution is certainly the application of mycorrhiza, because in addition to reducing the use of pesticides and mineral fertilizers, it increases the resistance of plants to biotic and abiotic stresses. Mycorrhizal inoculation improves nutrient and water uptake in many host plants. Arbuscular mycorrhizal fungi (AMF) grow in close association with plant roots and play an important symbiotic role in the uptake and transfer of water and nutrients in the root system; in exchange, the plant supplies the fungus with sugars. The goal of this research is the possibility of controlled application of mycorrhizal agent on tomato plants in the amount of 1, 3 and 6 grams, in order to determine the existence of benefits of their application on yield, vigor and resistance of plants to pathogens and stress. Mycorrhiza improves plant growth, root system development, increases yield and crop quality.
Copyright (c) 2025 Besim Salkić, Almir Sarajlić, Emir Imširović, Ensar Salkić, Aleksandar Životić https://creativecommons.org/licenses/by/4.0
Influence of Food Supplements on Chemical Composition of Raw Sheep's Milk
ABSTRACT The aim of this study was to examine the effect of plant-based fat sources in sheep feed on the chemical composition of raw sheep milk from 210 Pramenka sheep in the Una-Sana Canton area. The research was conducted during three periods: winter, spring, and summer. The flock was divided into experimental and control groups. In each research period, the experimental groups received plant-based fat sources, specifically 3.5% extruded flaxseed added to their diet. The highest milk fat content was recorded during the summer period in the control group (7.66%). The average milk fat content in winter (6.06%) and summer (7.66%) showed higher values in the control group compared to the experimental group, with statistically highly significant differences (p<0.001). In the spring period, the milk fat content was higher in the experimental group (5.31%), also with a statistically highly significant difference (p<0.001). For lactose and dry matter parameters, the dietary period factor showed a highly significant statistical effect (p<0.001). The treatment factor for lactose also showed a highly significant statistical effect (p<0.001), as did the interaction between factors, while no statistical significance was observed for dry matter. Keywords: sheep milk, chemical analysis, period, nutritional treatment
Keywords: sheep milk, chemical analysis, period, nutritional treatment
Copyright (c) 2026 Aida Džaferović, Huska Jukić, Samira Dedić https://creativecommons.org/licenses/by/4.0
Evaluation of the effectiveness of niacinamide-based cosmetic preparations in reducing facial skin sebum levels
Sebum is an oily liquid produced by the sebaceous glands. It serves as a protective barrier for the skin, keeping it hydrated and enhancing its elasticity. Sebum contains triglycerides, fatty acids, wax esters, antioxidant squalene, and cholesterol. While the highest concentration of sebum is produced on the face, it is also present on other parts of the skin, including the scalp. Excessive sebum secretion leads to oily skin, but even dry and normal skin types produce a certain amount of sebum. Cleansing foams and tonics for oily skin have an advantage over other pharmaceutical products, such as creams, soaps, and liquid powders, as they can be applied to all areas of the skin. Niacinamide (C6H6N2O) is a pyridinecarboxyamide and organic molecule belonging to the vitamin B group. In recent years, niacinamide has become widely used in cosmetology for the formulation of various pharmaceutical products, primarily for dermal application. However, it is also incorporated into shampoos and hair tonics. Niacinamide is effective in reducing sebum levels on the skin, providing hydration, strengthening the skin's protective barrier, and minimizing visible wrinkles. This study explores the effectiveness of niacinamide as an active component in tonics and foams, along with the stability of these formulations, their microbiological purity, and in vivo testing on volunteers. The MPA 6 device, used in skin bioengineering, was employed to measure the amount of sebum on volunteers' facial skin before and after using a cleansing foam for oily skin.
Copyright (c) 2025 Merima Ibišević, Enida Karić, Maida Šljivić Husejnović, Amra Džambić, Aida Smajlagić, Armina Bilalić Bukvić, Azra Hadžigrahić, Dinela Sejdinović, Semra Sukanović Bešlagić, Irma Džafić, Nerma Jašarević https://creativecommons.org/licenses/by/4.0
Comparison of first-order and nth-order kinetic models for composting process of municipal solid waste
The aim of this study was to propose six first-order kinetic models and then compare with nth-order kinetic model for composting process of municipal solid waste. Kinetic parameters for kinetic models were determined using a nonlinear regression method. For the first-order kinetic models, the reaction rate constant is expressed through experimental variables (time, pH, electrical conductivity, temperature, oxygen concentration, carbon dioxide concentration and moisture content). For nth-order kinetic model, rate constant and reaction order are simultaneously determined. A comparison of simulated and experimental values was performed. Based on statistical indicators (correlation factor, adjusted correlation factor, root mean square deviation, variance and 95% confidence interval), the obtained results between kinetic models were also compared. In order to choose the kinetic model that best describes the experimental data, organic matter content for three reactors were calculated. For first-order kinetic models, maximum differences between experimental and model data based on organic matter content for the first reactor, the second reactor and the third reactor were ranged from 10.30% to 18.64%, from 4.77% to 14.51% and from 6.60% to 14.00%, respectively. Mean differences for the first reactor, the second reactor and the third reactor were ranged from 3.36% to 5.42%, from 4.77% to 14.52% and from 0.43% to 1.62%, respectively. For nth-order kinetic model, maximum differences between experimental and model based on organic matter content for the first reactor, for the second reactor and for the third reactor were 2.30%, 1.22% and 1.50%, respectively. Mean differences for the first reactor, the second reactor and the third reactor were 0.005%, 0.002% and 0.001%, respectively. The nth-order kinetic model showed better agreement with experimental data of organic matter content than first-order kinetic models proposed in this study and in the previous studies.
Copyright (c) 2025 Edina Ibrić, Ivan Petric, Ervin Karić https://creativecommons.org/licenses/by/4.0
Anticancer potential of pink pepper fruit essential oil: study on human cell lines of lung carcinoma (H460), cervical adenocarcinoma (HeLa) and colorectal carcinoma (HCT116)
Schinus terebinthifolius Raddi is a plant species belonging to Anacardiaceae family, native to South America, with particular abundance in Brazil, Argentina and Paraguay. It is commonly known as Brazilian pepper tree. All plant parts have been used in traditional medicine for the treatment of several pathologies. In this paper, the cytotoxic effects of the essential oil of the commercial pink pepper fruit from the Tuzla market were investigated. To assess the cytotoxic potential, a tetrazolium salt reduction (MTT) viability assay was performed. The experiments were carried out on 3 human cell lines: lung carcinoma (H460), cervical adenocarcinoma (HeLa) and colorectal carcinoma (HCT116). Using GC/MS, 24 components of red pepper essential oil were identified, of which α-pinene, α-phellandrene, δ-3-carene and D-limonene dominate. The essential oil of the pink pepper fruit showed cytotoxic activity in the case of all tested cell lines under in vitro conditions.
Copyright (c) 2025 Emir Horozić, Lamija Kolarević, Suada Cipurković, Merima Ibišević, Lejla Mekić, Melisa Šehić, Ermina Cilović Kozarević, Darja Husejnagić, Edina Huseinović, Maja Pođanin, Enida Karić, Mirela Radin https://creativecommons.org/licenses/by/4.0
Efficiency and economy of the industrial process of water treatment - case study
Water preparation for industrial use commonly involves a multi-stage approach to raw water treatment. The selection of individual treatment operations is based on various factors. Adherence to regulations and standards on water quality for a specific purpose is of key importance, as the entire treatment process should meet or exceed applicable regulatory standards. In the selected plant for the preparation of industrial water, an evaluation of the efficiency and economy of the process was carried out by comparing the results of water analysis before and after each treatment, by reviewing the justification of the location of the process units in the treatment line, and by analyzing the selected process parameters. The results of water analyzes confirmed that adequate selection and location of unit operations in the raw water treatment line can have multiple beneficial effects in meeting water quality requirements for the desired purpose.
Copyright (c) 2025 Ajdina Suljević, Sabina Begić, Indira Šestan, Zoran Iličković, Gordan Avdić, Amir Fazlić https://creativecommons.org/licenses/by/4.0
Chemical Pretreatment of Cattle Manure to Improve Biogas Production
Great potential in gas production is found in raw materials of organic origin, such as manure, waste sludge, food residues and the like. In order to speed up the process of biogas production, that is, the first stage of hydrolysis, it is necessary to pre-process the substrate. In order to obtain the maximum amount of biogas, the anaerobic digestion process was carried out in mesophilic conditions for 37 days. For the purpose of examining the effects of pretreatment, the substrate was chemically treated with the addition of dehydrated CaO in quantities of 0.75% and 1.5% in relation to the mass of the substrate. The results showed that by treating cattle manure with the addition of 0.75% CaO, higher daily production of biogas with a higher methane content is achieved.
Copyright (c) 2025 Maida Smajlović, Mirnesa Zohorović, Amina Husić, Vedran Stuhli, Ljilja Bojanović https://creativecommons.org/licenses/by/4.0
Editorial: A Vignette on the 65th Anniversary of the Faculty of Technology
A Vignette on the 65th Anniversary of the Faculty of Technology and the Dean's Address to the 2024/2025 Freshman Class
Copyright (c) 2024 Sabina Begić https://creativecommons.org/licenses/by/4.0
Tyrosinase inhibition, antioxidative and antimicrobial activity of active substances and creams used in the treatment of hyperpigmentation (kojic acid, niacinamide and grapevine extract)
Hyperpigmentation is a skin disorder caused by increased melanin production. It appears in the form of dark spots and makes the complexion uneven. Pigmentation spots, such as age spots (also known as sun spots), manifest themselves most often on the palms, face and hands. The aim of this work was to investigate and evaluate which of the active substances used in hyperpigmentation treatments has the highest degree of tyrosinase inhibition, and the best antioxidant and antimicrobial activity. Kojic acid, niacinamide and grapevine extract were used as active substances in the formulations. When summarizing the results, kojic acid gave the best results, followed by niacinamide, and finally grapevine extract. However, it is necessary to perform a long-term in vivo study on volunteers that will show the effectiveness and efficiency of the mentioned substances. In addition to the treatment of hyperpigmentation, the mentioned substances can also be used in antiaging skin treatments due to the presence of antioxidant activity.
Copyright (c) 2025 Merima Ibišević, Nermina Hadžigrahić, Saša Pilipović, Adaleta Softić, Aida Smajlović, Nahida Srabović, Darja Husejnagić, Zahida Ademović, Emir Horozić, Enida Karić, Lamija Kolarević, Dženeta Akeljić, Maida Šljivić Husejnović, Halid Makić, Samira Dedić https://creativecommons.org/licenses/by/4.0
Cytotoxic, antibacterial and antioxidant activity of the methanolic extract of speedwells (Veronica officinalis L.)
Speedwells (Veronica officinalis L.) is a plant species used in traditional medicine for the preparation of teas, tinctures and other preparations for the treatment of diseases of the skin, respiratory and digestive organs. In this paper, the biological activity of the methanolic extract of the speedwells was examined. To assess the cytotoxic potential, a tetrazolium salt reduction (MTT) viability assay was performed. The experiments were carried out on 3 human cell lines: lung carcinoma (H460), cervical adenocarcinoma (HeLa) and colorectal carcinoma (HCT116). Antimicrobial potential was tested using the diffusion technique on three bacterial strains: S. aureus, E. faecalis and S. enterica. Inhibition of free radicals was tested using the ABTS and DPPH methods, and the reduction potential of the extract of the speedwells was confirmed by the FRAP method. The treatment of HeLa, H460, and HCT116 cell lines with the methanolic extract of speedwells demonstrated a dose-dependent decrease in cell growth. The extract showed a high inhibition of the growth of S. aureus but also a complete absence of activity in the case of E. faecalis. A high efficiency of inhibition of DPPH and ABTS radicals, as well as reducing ability, was recorded.
Copyright (c) 2025 Emir Horozić, Lejla Mekić, Suada Cipurković, Lamija Kolarević, Darja Husejnagić, Merima Ibišević, Enida Karić, Ermina Cilović-Kozarević, Maja Pođanin, Sanja Brekalo-Lazarević, Melisa Šehić, Edina Huseinović https://creativecommons.org/licenses/by/4.0
The quality of liquid soap for washing hands depends on its chemical composition, and it is evaluated by the physicochemical and functional characteristics of that product. The aim of the work is to optimize the formulation by varying the concentrations of anionic and amphoteric surfactants, as well as the concentration of the electrolyte-NaCl. As the concentrations of amphoteric and anionic surfactants in liquid soap increase, the values of density and viscosity increase. The value of the surface tension decreases with the increase in the concentration of the present surfactants, with the greater contribution to the decrease being shown by the anionic surfactant. Regardless of certain advantages that the anionic surfactant shows over the amphoteric one, the best characteristics of liquid soap are shown by the formulation that contains a combination of both used surfactants. The addition of NaCl to a liquid soap formulation has multiple significance, but also a different effect on the physicochemical characteristics at lower and higher concentrations. Functional and some physicochemical characteristics of liquid hand washing soap depend on the pH value of the formulation. As the pH value increases, the surface tension increases, so pH=5.5 is taken as the optimal pH value of liquid soap, as a compromise between the values of the measured characteristics and the pH value of human skin.
liquid soap; content of liquid soap; surfactants; electrolyte in liquid soap; characteristics of liquid soap; optimization of formulation
Copyright (c) 2024 Aleksandra Borković, Tatjana Botić, Dijana Drljača, Dajana Dragić, Mirjana Brdar, Sanda Pilipović, Pero Dugić https://creativecommons.org/licenses/by/4.0
Dynamics of smoke ingredients penetration into the interior of chicken meat products during boiling/smoking and drying
During processing in meat, numerous activities occur. Those activities can have a positive or negative impact on the properties of aw materials and finished products. The aim of this study was to determine the dynamics of smoke components penetration (total phenols and organic acids) during boiling/smoking and drying of chicken meat at different thermal regimes. The dynamics of total phenol and total organic acids penetration into meat samples was monitored during all stages of production (cooking/smoking, drying and storage). Eight experimental groups were analyzed. Samples in four experimental groups (EG I-IV) were subjected to boiling and smoking, and other four groups (EG V-VIII) to drying with different parameter values: boiling/smoking temperature 55-75°C, process duration 80-110 minutes, drying temperature 14-18°C, with air circulation 40-50 m3/min and relative humidity 85-88% in appropriate conditions. Based on the obtained results, the statistically significant influence of different heat treatments and their technological parameters on the dynamics of phenol and organic acid penetration was established (p<0.05). Temperature stood out as an important technological parameter with the greatest impact. The results show that due to elevated temperatures during heat treatments there is an increase in the concentration of total phenols and organic acids. Furthermore, it was concluded that the investigated processing procedures of chicken meat had an impact on the dynamics of penetration of smoke components.
phenols, organic acids, boiling, smoking, drying
Copyright (c) 2024 Sebila Rekanović https://creativecommons.org/licenses/by/4.0
Influence of maceration, solvent types, and extraction durations on the yield of milk thistle seeds (Silybum Marianum) extraction
ABSTRACT: The study investigated the extraction yield of defatted Silybum marianum seed samples using maceration as the sole extraction technique. Different solvent types (methanol, ethanol, and water) and extraction durations were tested. Prior to extraction, the samples were ground and defatted with n-hexane. For each combination of solvent type, and extraction duration, the extracted mass (g of extract/g of defatted sample) was determined. The impact of each parameter on the yield was analyzed, revealing significant effects. Results showed that water-based maceration for 4 hours yielded the highest average mass of dry extract, followed by shorter durations at 2 hours. Ethanol occasionally outperformed methanol, particularly at the 2-hour mark, but methanol consistently produced lower yields across longer extraction durations. These findings emphasize the need for careful optimization of solvent type and extraction duration to maximize extraction yield. Subsequent analysis using Tukey's HSD test revealed significant differences in dry extract mass among solvents. Water yielded the highest at 2 and 4 hours, ethanol at 4 hours, and methanol at 4 hours as well. Keywords: Silybum marianum; maceration; solvent types; plant extraction, yield analysis
Copyright (c) 2024 Halid Makić, Samira Hotić, Elvisa Hodžić, Nenad Stojanović, Jasmina Ibrahimpašić, Samira Dedić, Emina Ćehajić Gradinović https://creativecommons.org/licenses/by/4.0
Research of the efficiency of organic matter removal from water using synthetic zeolite
The paper investigated the effectiveness of using synthetic zeolite as an adsorbent for the removal of organic matter from water. Characterization of zeolite was performed using advanced testing methods: XRD, FTIR, BET and SEM/EDS. Raw water was analyzed for physicochemical characteristics before treatment (turbidity, color, pH, conductivity, content of organic matter, ammonia, nitrate and nitrite nitrogen, iron, manganese and chloride) and after treatment with an adsorbent (content of organic matter). Research on the efficiency of adsorption was carried out under the conditions of water temperature 25°C, individual doses of zeolite of 1, 2 and 4 g/L, mixing 200 rpm and adsorption time 60 minutes. The obtained results showed that by applying synthetic zeolite in a dose of 1 g/L, it is possible to achieve the removal of organic matter of 71.2%, while increasement of that dose up to four times has an insignificant effect on the adsorption efficiency.
Copyright (c) 2024 Zoran Petrović https://creativecommons.org/licenses/by/4.0
The content of heavy metals in honey as indicators of pollutants
Honey and honeydew are natural foods with a very complex composition that contain both, organic and inorganic ingredients. Regardless of the progress of the industry, it can't be replaced by some production process. The quality of honey varies from year to year, and bees can never produce the same honey and honeydew. Weather conditions, grazing, treatment of bees, proximity to industry, roads, etc., greatly affect the quality of the obtained honey. Although minerals and heavy metals are minor constituents of honey, they play a vital role in determining its quality. The goal of the research is to assess the qualitative status of honey based on the content of contaminants, heavy metals from the area of the Tuzla Canton. The research was conducted on 30 (thirty) honey samples. The samples were collected in the period September/October 2022 and constitute the grazing of the specified year. In the samples that were the subject of research, As and Cd did not exceed the limit of quantification (LOQ = 0.009 mg/kg). Current regulations does not define MRL’s for these two metals. As for the quantified amount of lead (Pb), it was the same in 12 samples and in 11 samples there was an evident deviation from the MRL. The measured lead (Pb), values range from 0.06 to 5.34 mg/kg. The quality of bee products from the aspect of contamination with heavy metals can serve as bioindicator of environmental pollution, that is, as an indicator of the level of good beekeeping practices.
Copyright (c) 2024 Selma Kunic, Tijana Brcina, Ramzija Cvrk https://creativecommons.org/licenses/by/4.0
Biocidal properties of CuO nanoparticles
Biocides are products used to prevent or control the spread of various harmful organisms such as bacteria or viruses. Silver and gold nanoparticles are mostly used as active substances of biocides used in the medical field. However, a more economically acceptable alternatives are different copper compounds, specifically copper(II) oxide. CuO nanoparticles were gained via sonication method from copper(II) acetate in a sodium hydroxide solution. Physical and chemical properties of gained CuO nanoparticles were investigated by X-ray diffraction analysis (XRD), energy dispersive X-ray spectroscopy (EDS), thermogravimetric analysis (TGA) and atomic force microscopy (AFM). Biocidal tests were performed on bacteria Pseudomonas aeruginosa and Bacillus subtilis, as well on fungi Candida albicans and Aspergillus niger using the disc diffusion method. The ultrasonic irradiation method was found to yield pure CuO nanoparticles smaller than 70 nm. Also, EDS measurement verified the stoichiometric distribution of copper and oxygen in the sample. Antimicrobial properties were proven excellent for both bacteria and fungi except for Pseudomonas aeruginosa, for which CuO nanoparticles seem to have low effect.
Copyright (c) 2024 Ivana Katarina Ivković, Stanislav Kurajica, Marija Vuković Domanovac, Katarina Mužina, Ivan Borić https://creativecommons.org/licenses/by/4.0