Technical and Non-technical Competencies for MASS Navigators: A Systematic Review

Abstract

The rapid advancement of Maritime Autonomous Surface Ships (MASS) has sparked growing interest across the maritime industry, raising important questions regarding future operations, training, and regulatory frameworks. In response, the IMO conducted the Regulatory Scoping Exercise (RSE), which identified the qualifications, roles, and responsibilities of remote operators as one of the high-priority issues. While several reviews have examined MASS-related competencies, existing studies have yet to systematically evaluate the relative relevance of identified competencies based on the methodological rigor of the underlying evidence — a gap this study addresses through the Weighted Relevance Index (WRI) framework. To this end, the PRISMA methodology was applied to systematically locate and select studies discussing technical and non-technical competency requirements for MASS navigators, of which 27 met the eligibility criteria. The WRI framework was then used to assess the strength of evidence supporting each competency. The review underscores the importance of prioritizing new skill sets, such as IT-related competencies, drone handling, and serious gaming skills. It also suggests that while traditional navigational competencies remain relevant, existing training frameworks, particularly under the STCW Convention, require careful reconsideration to incorporate emerging skill sets and ensure a safe and effective transition toward increasing autonomy at sea. The findings carry significant implications for maritime education and training institutions, regulatory bodies, and individual navigators, offering guidance for curriculum development, policy formulation, and career preparation in the context of MASS operations.