Torus palatinus and torus mandibularis as supplementary indicators in forensic human identification: a systematic review

Abstract

Background: Torus palatinus and torus mandibularis are benign bony outgrowths often discovered incidentally during dental examinations. While usually asymptomatic, they can hinder prosthetic treatments. Their distinct morphology, population-specific prevalence, and rarity make them potential markers for forensic human identification. Objective: This systematic review evaluates oral tori as distinctive traits in forensic applications, emphasizing their prevalence, morphology, etiology, and clinical and forensic significance. Methods: A literature search (2015–2025) was conducted in PubMed, Scopus, ScienceDirect, and Google Scholar following PRISMA guidelines. Eligible studies included original research, reviews, and case reports on oral tori or exostoses with forensic or epidemiological relevance. Non-English, animal-based, and treatment-focused studies were excluded. Additional relevant sources were reviewed to supplement the analysis. A total of 376 records were retrieved, and after screening and eligibility assessment, 36 studies were included in the review. Results: Oral tori exhibit variation across populations and sexes and are morphologically diverse, though they are typically small and asymptomatic. Their development is influenced by both genetic and environmental factors. While clinically benign, they can present challenges in prosthetic rehabilitation. Forensically, their population-specific patterns make them valuable non-metric traits, particularly when recorded in dental records to assist identification in the absence of primary markers.  Conclusion: Oral tori serve as clinically relevant and population-specific traits that hold value in both dental care and forensic human identification

Keywords: torus palatinus; torus mandibularis; forensic odontology; forensic identification