Analysis of the craniodental pathology of skulls from the 1st century BC – 3rd century from the monuments Shirakavan, Karmrakar (Armenia) and Bokany (Moldova)

Abstract

This study examines cranial remains from several archaeological sites in Armenia and Moldova, including Shirakavan, Karmrakar, and Bokny. The analysis documents a range of skeletal modifications and pathologies, including porotic hyperostosis associated with iron deficiency anemia, enamel hypoplasia, periodontitis, and antemortem tooth loss. Fluctuating dental asymmetry was observed, likely reflecting environmental stress during tooth development. Cranial deformation, achieved through circular bandaging, is documented in multiple individuals, producing characteristic modifications such as receding foreheads and tower-shaped vaults. Evidence of trepanation, including a case in an 8-10-year-old child, demonstrates the use of drilling techniques and subsequent healing, suggesting both medical and possibly ritual significance. Traumatic injuries caused by blunt force and decapitation are also recorded, highlighting episodes of interpersonal violence. A unique find of a severed skull with traces of ritual modification further indicates complex mortuary practices in the region. Overall, these data provide insights into the health, cultural behaviors, and ritual practices of past populations in Armenia and Moldova.