Green Synthesis and Characterization of Zinc Oxide (ZnO) Nanoparticles Using Celery: Implications as Water-Based Drilling Fluid Additives

Authors

  • Fatimah H. Al-Ogaili Al-Farabi University College
  • Faleh H. M. Almahdawi University of Baghdad
  • Zainab A. Al-Rubiay Imam Jaafar Al-Sadiq University
  • Rwaida K. AbdulMajeed University of Baghdad
  • Duraid Albayati University of Kirkuk https://orcid.org/0000-0001-7716-0174

DOI:

https://doi.org/10.17794/rgn.2027.1.7

Keywords:

ZnO nanoparticles, biodegradable materials, water-based drilling fluid, mud rheology, nanoparticles characterization

Abstract

The latest development in drilling fluid technology involves exploring nanoparticles. Formulating nanoparticles through green synthesis methods involving microorganisms and plants represents a new milestone in nanotechnology. Incorporating biodegradable additives can enhance mud properties while reducing environmental pollution. In this study, ZnO nanoparticles were chemically synthesized using celery leaf extract and zinc chloride salt. Atomic force microscopy (AFM) and Energy-Dispersive X-ray Spectroscopy (EDS) characterisation tests confirmed the production of high-quality, pure ZnO nanoparticles, primarily around 42 nm in diameter, with a wurtzite structure. The impact of adding these bio-based ZnO nanoparticles to water-based mud (WBM) was also examined. Notably, the results indicate that ZnO nanoparticles have a subtle effect on mud density and pH, which provides easier handling of mud density and alkalinity. Furthermore, increasing nanoparticle concentrations led to reductions in plastic viscosity (PV), apparent viscosity (AV), and yield point (YP). For instance, the percentage of decreases in dynamic rheological parameters were approximately 25%, 38%, and 19% for AV, PV, and YP, respectively, when adding 1 g of bio-based ZnO. On the other hand, mud gelation increased approximately 67.5% with the increase in ZnO nanoparticle concentrations. Therefore, the biosynthesized ZnO nanoparticles demonstrate potential as a drilling fluid additive, functioning as a thinning agent with excellent gelation properties.

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Published

2026-10-26

Issue

Vol. 42 No. 1 (2027): Forthcoming Issue: No. 82

Section

Petroleum Engineering and Energetics

License

Copyright (c) 2026 Fatimah H. Al-Ogaili, Faleh H. M. Almahdawi, Zainab A. Al-Rubiay, Rwaida K. AbdulMajeed, Duraid Albayati

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How to Cite

Al-Ogaili, F. H., Almahdawi, F. H. M., Al-Rubiay, Z. A., AbdulMajeed, R. K., & Albayati, D. (2026). Green Synthesis and Characterization of Zinc Oxide (ZnO) Nanoparticles Using Celery: Implications as Water-Based Drilling Fluid Additives. Rudarsko-geološko-Naftni Zbornik, 42(1), Article in Press. https://doi.org/10.17794/rgn.2027.1.7