Teaching Visual Art and Music in Mixed-Age Primary Classes/Nastava umjetničkih predmeta u kombiniranome razrednom odjelu u primarnome obrazovanju
DOI:
https://doi.org/10.15516/cje.v28i3.43216Keywords:
arts education; combined classes; primary education; teaching methodsAbstract
Abstract
Mixed-age or combined classes entail a group of students of different age and abilities. Student diversity and mutual differences present a special challenge for education workers teaching combined classes. The teachers should possess pronounced competences such as creativity, innovativeness, being democratic, rationalisation and self-regulation. Research has shown that children in combined classes develop autonomy and initiative more intensively and delegate their obligations and free time more economically than their counterparts in regular classes. Besides, in mixed-age classes students’ creative mechanisms are additionally motivated, and their critical and creative thinking is further developed, which influences the level of self-confidence and ultimately students’ self-realisation. Precisely these are the characteristics excelled in arts education (visual art and music). The aim of this study was to examine the characteristics of visual art and music lessons, teachers' role in preparing arts instruction, the organisation of space, and advantages and disadvantages of working in mixed-age classes. The research was conducted in 2024/2025 academic year among first- to fourth-grade teachers working in combined classes (N = 158) in the Republic of Croatia. A quantitative, nonexperimental study was carried out via a questionnaire. Apart from descriptive statistics, non-parametric Kruskal-Wallis test and Spearman's correlation coefficient were used. The results show that using various didactic strategies and instruction planning are important features of teaching visual art and music in combined classes. As leaders of the education process, teachers should use different learning strategies and optimise lessons design, wherein it is important to pay attention to the organisation of classroom environment so that it provides all necessary didactic equipment, materials and means that facilitate the use of different learning and teaching methods. According to the participants' opinions, the greatest advantage of working in a combined class is student autonomy and discipline, followed by cooperation and peer-to-peer teaching. Teachers perceive simultaneous instruction of different contents in one lesson as a difficulty. It was found that teachers with more years of service perceive students in combined classes as more independent and disciplined than teachers with less years of service do. On the other hand, teachers with shorter work experience consider psychophysical differences between students as a drawback to a greater extent than teachers with longer work experience. At the same time, teachers with more years of service and professional experience use different teaching strategies more often than teachers with less work experience.
Keywords: arts education; combined classes; primary education; teaching methods
---
Sažetak
Kombinirani razredni odjel formiran se od skupine učenika koji se razlikuju po dobi i sposobnostima. Raznolikost i različitost učenika poseban je izazov za učitelja. Poželjno je da učitelj ima izražene kompetencije poput kreativnosti, inovativnosti, demokratičnosti, racionalizacije te samoorganizacije. Istraživanja su pokazala kako djeca u kombiniranim razrednim odjelima intenzivnije razvijaju svoju samostalnost, inicijativnost, ekonomičnije raspolažu obvezama i slobodnim vremenom. Dodatno se potencira stvaralački mehanizam, razvija se kritičko i kreativno mišljenje što utječe na razinu samopouzdanja i u konačnici na samoostvarenje učenika. Upravo su to obilježja koja se razvijaju u umjetničkome obrazovanju (likovna i glazbena kulturu). Cilj je istražiti obilježja nastave umjetničkih predmeta, ulogu učitelja u metodičkoj organizaciji nastave umjetničkih predmeta, ulogu prostora te prednosti i nedostatke rada u kombiniranome razrednom odjelu. Istraživanje je provedeno u školskoj godini 2024./2025. s učiteljima razredne nastave koji rade u kombiniranim razrednim odjelima (N = 158) u Republici Hrvatskoj. Provedeno je kvantitativno, neeksperimentalno istraživanje putem anketnoga upitnika. Uz deskriptivnu statistiku, korišteni su neparametrijski Kruskal-Wallis test i Spearmanov koeficijent korelacije. Rezultati pokazuju kako je korištenje raznolikih oblika i načina rada i planiranje nastavnoga procesa važno je obilježje nastave umjetničkih predmeta u kombiniranome razrednom odjelu. Učitelj, kao voditelj odgojno-obrazovnoga procesa, treba koristiti različite strategije učenja te optimizirati organizaciju nastave. Za organizaciju nastave važan je izgled i opremljenost prostora didaktičkom opremom, materijalima i sredstvima radi mogućnosti različitih oblika i načina rada. Prema mišljenu ispitanika, najveća prednost rada u kombiniranome razredom odjelu jest samostalnost i discipliniranost učenika, potom suradnja i vršnjačko poučavanje. Ono što učiteljima predstavlja poteškoću jest simultana obrada različitih sadržaja na nastavnome satu. Pokazalo se da učitelji s više radnoga staža u većoj mjeri primjećuju da su učenici u kombiniranim razrednim odjelima samostalniji i discipliniraniji u odnosu na učitelje s manje staža. S druge strane, učitelji s manje staža više primjećuju psihofizičke razlike u dobi učenika kao nedostatak nego učitelji koji imaju dulji radni staž. Ujedno, učitelji s više godina radnoga staža i iskustva češće koriste različite didaktičko-metodičke postupke u nastavi umjetničkih predmeta od učitelja s manje godina radnoga staža.
Ključne riječi: kombinirani razredni odjeli; metodička organizacija; nastava umjetničkih predmeta; primarno obrazovanje
References
References
Aina, E. O. (2001). Maximizing learning in early childhood multiage classrooms: Child, teacher, and parent perceptions, Early Childhood Education Journal, 28(4), 219 - 224. https://doi.org/10.1023/A:1009590724987
Ames, P. (2006). A multigrade approach to literacy in the Amazon, Peru: School and community perspectives. In: Little, A. W. (Ed.), Education for all and multigrade teaching: challenges and opportunities, 47 – 66. Springer. https://doi.org/10.1007/1-4020-4591-3_3
Arnheim, R. (1985). Vizuelno mišljenje [Visual thinking]. Univerzitet umetnosti.
Arnheim, R. (2008). Novi eseji o psihologiji umjetnosti [New Essays on the Psychology of Art]. Matica hrvatska.
Barrett, P., Davies, F., Zhang, Y., & Barrett, L. (2015). The impact of classroom design on pupils’ learning: Final results of a holistic, multi-level analysis. Building and Environment, 89, 118 - 133. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.buildenv.2015.02.013
Bastaban, Ü., & Kurnaz, E. (2024). Art education experiences in unified classrooms: A phenomenological study. e-Kafkas Journal of Educational Research, 11, 655-672. doi:10.30900/kafkasegt. 1443274
Berce-Golob, H. (1993). Likovna vzgoja: Načini dela pri likovni vzgoji [Visual Arts Education: Methods of Teaching Art]. DSZ.
Berry, Ch., & Little, A. W. (2006). Multigrade teaching in London, England. In: Little, W. A. (Ed.), Education for all and multigrade teaching: challenges and opportunities, Springer, 67 - 86. https://doi.org/10.1007/1-4020-4591-3_4
Blašković, J. (2015). The effect of singing education on some preschool education students' music achievements, Glasbeno-pedagoški zbornik Akademije za glasbo v Ljubljani, 23, 17-37. https://eric.ed.gov/?id=ED580265.
Blašković, J. (2020). Izazovi izvođenja nastave glazbene kulture u kombiniranim razredima primarnog odgoja i obrazovanja [The challenges of teaching music in mixed primary education classes]. In: Svalina, Vesna (Ed.), Glazbena pedagogija u svjetlu sadašnjih i budućih promjena 6 – Glazba u školi – stanje i perspektive, 149-164. Sveučilište Josipa Jurja Strossmayera u Osijeku - Fakultet za odgojne i obrazovne znanosti.
Blašković Galeković, J., Novaković, S., & Tomljenović, Z. (2023). Arts education in combined primary classes in the Republic of Croatia, In Carmo, Mafalda (Ed.), Proceedings of the International Conference on Education and New Developments 2023, 241-245. Portugal, Lisabon.
Broome, J. L. (2009). A descriptive study of multi-age art education in Florida. Studies in Art Education, 50(2), 167 - 183. https://www.researchgate.net/publication/303859519_A_Descriptive_Study_of_Multi-Age_Art_Education_in_Florida
Broome, J. L., Heid, K., Johnston, J., & Serig, D. (2015). Experiences in multiage art education: Suggestions for art teachers working with split class combinations. Art Education 68(2), 30 - 35. DOI:10.1080/00043125.2015.11519311
Cornish, L. (2010). Multiage classes - What's in a name? Journal of Multiage Education, 4(2), 7 - 11. https://rune.une.edu.au/entities/publication/423881b9-2903-459c-8a7b-d162cc505780
Cvjetićanin, S., Segedinac, M., & Adamov, J. (2008). Attitudes of elementary teachers towards working with combined classes. Odgojne znanosti, 10(1), 147 - 158. https://hrcak.srce.hr/file/44983
Čudina-Obradović, M., & Brajković, S. (2009). Integrirano poučavanje. [Integrated teaching]. Biblioteka Korak po korak.
Dewey, J. (2005). Art as experience, Perigree.
Državni pedagoški standard osnovnoškolskog sustava odgoja i obrazovanja [Croatian National Pedagogical Standards for Primary Education]. (2008). Narodne novine 63/2008. https://narodne-novine.nn.hr/clanci/sluzbeni/2008_06_63_2129.html
Duncan, J., & Lockwood, M. (2009). Learning through play. A work-based approach for the early years professional. Continuum International Publishing Group.
Efland, D. A. (2002). Art and cognition: Integrating the visual arts in the curriculum, Teachers College Press.
Eisner, W. Elliot (2002). The arts and the creation of mind. Yale University Press.
Fagan, T. J. (2009). Younger and older together: Children's interactions in a mixed-age early childhood centre. [Thesis of Masters Education]. New Zeland: Victoria University of Wellington.
Flood, M., Nolan, S., & Boss, F. (2025). Universal design for learning with visual thinking strategies: Support for learner engagement, representation, and action and expression. International Journal for Universal Design and Universal Design for Learning (IJUDUDL) 1(1), 197-211. ISSN: 3119-6055, DOI: 10.34874/PRSM.ijududl-vol1iss1.4988
Gardner, H. (1983). Frames of mind. The theory of multiple intelligences. Harper Collins Publishers Inc.
Gardner, H. (1990). Art education and human development. The Getty Center for education in the Arts.
Gutierezz, R., & Slavin, R. (1992). Achievement effects of the nongraded elementary school: A best evidence synthesis, Review of Educational Research, 62(4), 333 - 376. https://doi.org/10.3102/00346543062004333
Harris, J., Spina, N., Ehrich, L. C., & Smeed, J. (2013). Literature review: Student-centred schools make the difference. Australian Institute for Teaching and School Leadership. https://www.researchgate.net/publication/307981604_Literature_review_Student_centred_schools_make_the_difference
Jelavica, J., & Alajbeg, A. (2023). An overview of the characteristics of a modern school. Croatian Journal of Education, 25(3), 1001-1031 https://doi.org/10.15516/cje.v25i3.4902
Jensen, E. (2003). Super-nastava. Nastavne strategije za kvalitetnu školu i uspješno učenje [Super teaching: Over 1,000 practical strategies]. Educa.
Jeremić, B., & Stanković, E. (2020). The methodical model of teaching songs by ear and its effects on the development of students' vocal abilities, Croatian Journal of Education, 22 (Sp.Ed.1), 151-166. https://doi.org /10.15516/cje.v22i0.3838
Karlavaris, B. (1991). Metodika likovnog odgoja 1 [Art education methodology 1]. Hofbauer p.o.
Kelehear, Z., & Heid, K. (2002). Mentoring in the art classroom. Studies in Art Education, 44(1), 67 - 78. DOI:10.2307/1321049
Kok, H., Mobach, P. M., & Omta, O. (2015). Predictors of study success from a teacher's perspective of the quality of the built environment, Management in Education, 29(2), 53 - 62. DOI:10.1177/0892020614553719
Lindström, E., & Lindahl, E. (2011). The effect of mixed-age classes in Sweden. Scandinavian Journal of Educational Research, 55(2), 121 - 144. https://doi.org/10.1080/00313831.2011.554692
Lučić, K., & Matijević, M. (2004). Nastava u kombiniranim odjelima [Teaching in multigrade classrooms]. Školska knjiga.
Mackey, B., Johnson, J. R., & Wood, Th. (1995). Cognitive and affective outcomes in a Multi-age Language Arts Program, Journal of Research in Childhood Education, 10(1), 49 - 61. https://doi.org/10.1080/02568549509594687
McEwan, J. P. (2008). Evaluating multigrade school reform in Latin America, Comparative Education, 44(4), 465 - 483. https://doi.org/10.1080/03050060802481504
Mulkeen, G. A., & Higgins, C. (2009). Multigrade teaching in Sub Saharan Africa. Lessons from Uganda, Senegal, and Gambia, World Bank Working (173). Africa Human Development Series. World Bank. http://documents.worldbank.org/curated/en/821571468175485257
Mulryan-Kyne, C. (2004). Teaching and learning in multigrade classrooms: What teachers say, The Irish Journal of Education, 35(1), 5 - 19. https://www.erc.ie/documents/vol35chp1.pdf
Mulryan-Kyne, C. (2007). The preparation of teachers for multigrade teaching. Teaching and Teacher Education, 23(4), 501 - 514. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.tate.2006.12.003
Rudnik [Mine]. (2024/2025). Ministarstvo znanosti i obrazovanja Republike Hrvatske. https://app.powerbi.com/view?r=eyJrIjoiZWE3YTE4OWQtOWJmNC00OTJmLWE2MjktYTQ5MWJlNDNlZDQ0IiwidCI6IjJjMTFjYmNjLWI3NjEtNDVkYi1hOWY1LTRhYzc3ZTk0ZTFkNCIsImMiOjh9
Nawab, A., & Baig, R. S. (2011). The possibilities and challenges of multigrade teaching in rural Pakistan, International Journal of Business and Social Science, 2(15), 166 - 172. https://ecommons.aku.edu/cgi/viewcontent.cgi?article=1000&context=pakistan_ied_pdcc
Petrović, Đ. (2010). Poticanje kreativnosti u kombiniranom razrednom odjelu [Stimulating creativity in a combined class]. Život i škola, 24(2), 267 - 281. https://hrcak.srce.hr/file/94978
Proehl, R. A., Douglas, S., E., D., Johnson, A. H., & Westsmith, W. (2013). A collaborative approach: Assessing the impact of multi-grade classrooms. Catholic Education: A Journal of Inquiry and Practice, 16(2), 417 - 440. https://doi.org/10.15365/joce.1602092013
Ronksley-Pavia, M., Barton, G. M., & Pendergast, D. (2019). Multiage education: An exploration of advantages and disadvantages through a systematic review of the literature. Australian Journal of Teacher Education, 44(5), 24-41. https://doi.org/10.14221/ajte.2018v44n5.2
Saqlain, N. (2015). A comprehensive look at multi-age education. Journal of Educational and Social Research, 5(2), 285 - 290. https://doi.org/10.5901/jesr.2015.v5n2p285
Sawyer, R. K. (2004). Creative teaching: Collaborative discussion as disciplined improvisation, Educational Researcher, 33(2), 12 - 20. https://doi.org/10.3102/0013189X03300201
Smit, R., Hyry-Beihammer, E. K., & Raggl, A. (2015). Teaching and learning in small, rural schools in four European countries: Introduction and synthesis of mixed-/multi-age approaches. International Journal of Educational Research, 74, 97 – 103. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.ijer.2015.04.007
Suzuki, T. (2003). Multigrade teaching in primary schools in Nepal: Practice and training. [Doctoral thesis]. University of London: Institute of education. https://discovery.ucl.ac.uk/id/eprint/10007484/
Starc, B., Čudina Obradović, M., Plaša, A., Profaca, B., & Letica, M. (2004). Osobine i psihološki uvjeti razvoja djeteta predškolske dobi [Traits and psychological factors influencing preschool child development]. Golden Marketing Tehnička knjiga.
Stone, S. J. (2010). Multiage a model of educational reform - or invention? Journal of Multiage Education, 4(1), 13 - 18. https://www.semanticscholar.org/paper/Multiage-a-Model-of-Educational-Reform-or-Invention-Stone/dcbbca24da563ac01ecdf79e62f7a430ee660bbc#citing-papers
Špiler, B. (2012). Umjetnost solo pjevanja [The art of solo singing]. NVO »BRUNA«.
Šuvar, V. (2011). Rad u kombiniranim razrednim odjelima [Work in combined classroom departments]. In Jurčević Lozančić, A. & Opić S. (Eds.), Zbornik 5. međunarodna konferencija o naprednim i sustavnim istraživanjima, 415 – 426. Učiteljski fakultet, Sveučilište u Zagrebu.
Taole, M., & Mncube, S. V. (2012). Multi-grade teaching and quality of education of South African rural schools: Educators' experiences, Studies of Tribes and Tribals, 10(2), 151 – 162. DOI:10.1080/0972639X.2012.11886653
Tacol, T. (1999). Didaktični pristop k načrtovanju likovnih nalog. Izbrana poglavja iz likovne didaktike [Didactic Approach to Designing Art Assignments]. Debora.
Tacol, T. (2003). Likovno izražanje: didaktična izhodišča za problemski pouk likovne vzgoje v devetletni osnovni šoli [Artistic expression: Didactic foundations for problem-based teaching of visual arts in the nine-year primary school]. Debora.
Tomljenović, Z. (2016). Nastavne metode kao čimbenik kvalitete u nastavi likovne kulture [Teaching methods as a factor of quality in visual arts education]. Školski vjesnik: časopis za pedagogijsku teoriju i praksu, 65(tematski broj), 261 - 273. https://hrcak.srce.hr/file/236253
Tomšić Čerkez, B., & Zupančič, D. (2011). Physical space and the process of education, CEPS Journal, 1(2), 5 - 10. https://ojs.cepsj.si/index.php/cepsj/article/view/423/246
Vanek, K., Maras, A., & Karabin, P. (2021). Tko su dobri učitelji? [What makes a good teacher?], Školski vjesnik, 70(2), 349 - 370. https://doi.org/10.38003/sv.70.2.15
Yue, X., & Ji, R. (2020). Teacher professional competencies in education for sustainable development. In Sánchez-García, J. C., & Hernández-Sánchez, B. (Eds.), Sustainable Organizations - Models, Applications, and New Perspectives. 1 - 14. IntechOpen. https://doi.org/10.5772/intechopen.94991
Zrilić, S., & Marin, K. (2019). Kompetencije u suvremenoj školi – potrebe prakse iz perspektive učitelja [Contemporary school competences – necessary practice from the teacher’s perspective]. Školski vjesnik: časopis za pedagogijsku teoriju i praksu, 68(2), 389 - 400. https://hrcak.srce.hr/file/341512
Downloads
Published
Issue
Section
License
Copyright (c) 2026 Jelena Blašković Galeković, Svetlana Novaković (Author)

This work is licensed under a Creative Commons Attribution-NonCommercial 4.0 International License.
© Author(s) 2026
This work is licensed under a Creative Commons Attribution-NonCommercial 4.0 International License (CC BY-NC 4.0). https://creativecommons.org/licenses/by-nc/4.0/
